English

（sneezes）

English

Oh, Kazue, do you have hay fever?

English

That’s right. I sneeze a lot and I have a runny nose, it’s tough. This year it’s really bad.

English

It’s rough. I also have hay fever, so my eyes are itchy.

English

I didn’t know you had hay fever too. How do you deal with it?

English

I bought some medicine at a nearby pharmacy. I’m trying it out right now. How about you, Kazue?

Explanation

You can emphasize something that you are doing right at this moment by using the expression 「Vている＋ところです」. A TE-form verb （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE） is used.

English

I hope that medicine works for you. Well, I am trying many things, but recently I’m trying to keep a good balance in my intestinal environment.

English

Umm…so for example, what do you mean?

Explanation

When you don’t understand what the other person said, it’s useful to ask back（ refer to＃11、＃23） but sometimes it’s easier to understand if they give you an specific example. Here, An didn’t understand what Kazue said about 「腸内環境を整える」, so she asks 「例えば、どんなことでしょう？」and asks for Kazue to explain in detail.

English

Like eating more yogurt, natto and miso than usual. By doing that, it seems that you can boost your immunity and prevent hay fever. I only started recently, so I don’t know if it’s effective or not.

English

I see. There are many methods.

English

Buchoo...thank you so much for all that you have done for me. Since I started working here you’ve really looked after me...I have nothing but appreciation for your guidance.

Explanation

「いただく」is a humble form of 「もらう」. Here, Long is politely conveying his appreciation for everything buchoo’s done for him by using the expression 「Vていただき、本当に感謝しています」. The verb before 「いただく」 is in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）.

English

No, thank you for everything, Long.

English

At first, I couldn’t speak Japanese or do my job at all, so I know I must have caused you so much trouble.... And yet, you kindly continued to support me... I was really touched when you apologized with me when I was scolded by a potential customer.

Explanation

「くださる」is an honorific form of 「くれる」. By using the expression 「Vてくださったこと、本当に嬉しかったです」, Long is politely expressing how touched he was that his superior apologized with him. The verb before 「くださる」 is in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）.

English

Oh, I remember that... You’ve come so far.

English

Buchoo, please take care of yourself at your new company. I wish you continued success.

English

Thank you. I wish you the best too, Long.

English

Sophia, what did you want to talk to me about?

English

Thank you for making time for me. It’s about my children…

Explanation

This is a useful phrase to start a conversation about something you are worried about. By starting the conversation with 「～のことでちょっと…」instead of jumping right in, the person you are talking to can get a better idea of what you want to discuss.

English

You know how we don’t have to wear facemasks anymore? Well, my children decided to take theirs off. But other children are still wearing them, and I was wondering what their mothers think about it.... How about your children, Tanaka-san, what do they do?

English

My children are already in middle school and high school, so I have them think for themselves...but they still keep theirs on. They’ve been wearing a mask for a long time now, so...

English

But my children don’t like facemasks, and I feel like it’s not good for their education to keep living with facemasks on.... Should they go along with everyone else?

Explanation

When you’re asking someone for their advice, you can use phrases like 「どうすればいいでしょうか」, but Sophia asks a more specific question by saying, 「このままみんなに合わせたほうがいいでしょうか」. In cases like this where you have a specific thought, using 「～たほうがいいでしょうか」 makes it easier for the other person to respond. The verb before 「ほうがいい」 should be in the TA-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TA）.

English

Hmm...how about taking a leap of faith and talking to the other mothers about how you feel?

English

I’m a little afraid （to bring it up）, but that sounds like the best approach. Thank you for taking the time to talk with me.

English

（To the） Customer waiting for wrapping （please come to the counter）!

English

Oh, yes. That’s me!

English

Please confirm. 5 white chocolate sets, 5 milk chocolate sets, 5 bitter chocolate sets and 5 brandy chocolate sets. A total of 20 items, correct?

English

Huh? I think I requested to change to 3 brandy chocolate sets and 7 milk chocolate sets...

Explanation

Sophia realized that what she ordered and what the shop staff had prepared was different, so she is asking for confirmation. When asking for confirmation, you can ask directly by saying 「7つに変更したので、確認お願いします」or you can ask indirectly by saying「7つに変更したはずです（see＃36） 」「7つに変更したと思います」. Here, Sophia isn’t confident that she’d communicated the changes correctly, so she uses 「～ような気がします」, a more roundabout phrase than 「思う」.
The word before「ような」is in the plain form. 「～な」 is used for the NA-adjective, and 「～の」is used for nouns.

English

I’m very sorry. I will go confirm once more—just a moment please.

English

Yes, it would be nice if you could. Oh, and could you mark the packages for the brandy chocolate sets so I can tell which ones they are? Thank you so much.

Explanation

The phrase 「お手数をおかけします」is used as an apology for any trouble or extra work you caused or to show appreciation for something that is done for you. Sophia is showing her gratitude to the shop staff for double-checking and for marking specific items when the shop is busy. Usage of such expressions will lead to smoother communications.

English

Of course.

English

（returns）
I am terribly sorry. Your order was 3 brandy chocolate sets and 7 milk chocolate sets. Is that correct? And I have marked these here.

English

Yes! Oh, I am so relieved to hear that. Thank you very much.

English

Excuse me. I’d like to send something to Nagano Prefecture...

English

Of course. What will you be sending?

English

A scarf. I would like to keep shipping costs as low as possible. Can you tell me what my options are?

Explanation

An conveys what she’s looking for in terms of delivery and asks what she can do to make that a reality. 「できるだけ」means “as...as possible.” It is often used before adjectives in such ways like 「できるだけ早く帰る（go home as quickly as possible）」and「できるだけ安全な方法で行う（do it in as safe a way as possible）」.

English

Then…I think you can choose from these two. You send it in a specific envelope like this. The shipping cost is the same throughout Japan.

English

I see…Umm, this blue envelope is 370 yen, and this red envelope is 520 yen. What is the difference?

Explanation

An compares the two envelopes and confirms that the cost is different. This sentence uses two 「は」but the one in 「青い封筒は」is used to indicate the subject and the「は」 in 「赤い封筒は」is used to make a comparison. When comparing two things, 「は」is used like 「Aは～、Bは～」.

English

For the 370 yen one, the package must be less than 3 centimeters thick. And it will be delivered to the （recipient's） postbox. There is no limitation on the thickness for the 570 yen one, and it will be delivered face-to-face, and a signature will be required.

English

So the 370 yen one will be delivered to the postbox and the 570 yen one will be delivered face-to-face.

English

That’s right.

English

Then I'd like to use the 520 yen one.

English

In case of an earthquake, please evacuate to evacuation sites designated by the local government.

English

Umm...“nige”...?

English

（Points to the park） If an earthquake happens, go there. That park over there.

Explanation

The key point of today’s dialogue is how to clarify important information that someone has talked about. Here, Long points to the park to explain that it is the evacuation site. Depending on the other person’s Japanese language skills, it will be helpful to supplement the information using hand gestures, showing pictures, or by drawing diagrams and pictures. Marking or underlining important points is also useful when using maps and other materials.

English

Oh.

English

Japan has always had earthquakes, but recently, you know, due to global warming and things, when it rains, rivers tend to flood, right? So, you have to be prepared for disasters by familiarizing yourself with the evacuation sites.

English

Umm…could you please repeat what you said...?

English

There are many earthquakes in Japan. And when it rains a lot （gestures with hands） rivers flood. It’s dangerous, so please remember where the evacuation sites, that is, shelters, are.

Explanation

Long explains what the landlord talked about in a way that is easier to understand. Here, he replaces difficult words with easier ones, talks in shorter sentences, and uses gestures so that the other person will be able to understand.

English

Oh, I see, evacuation sites.

English

Oh? Did you get a suntan, Long?

English

Oh, can you tell? So, I went skiing during New Year’s, and ever since I’ve been totally hooked ! I went again last weekend.

Explanation

This sentence explains that Long is hooked on skiing. 「すっかり」is an adverb that expresses that something is “completely” or “totally” in a certain state. By using 「すっかり」, Long is saying he is not only hooked, but infatuated with it.

English

That’s nice. We used to go when our kids were small. But aren’t the ski slopes are far away?

English

Actually, what I do is nature skiing. It’s a type of skiing that can be done in mountains and natural parks near towns as long as there is snow.

Explanation

Long explains that 「歩くスキー」 is 「まちの近くの山や自然公園でできるスタイルのスキー」. He uses the expression 「N1というN2」 and it is used when N1 is something that is not well known. N2 that comes after 「という」explains what N1 is. Here, Long is using the colloquial term 「っていう」 in place of 「という」.

English

You use narrow skiis connected to the toes （of your ski boot）, and you move forward using ski poles. You’re walking in the mountains, so you can hear the birds chirping, find animal footprints, and just enjoy nature in general.

English

Wow, that sounds invigorating!

English

Hello, I’m calling to confirm delivery of a washing machine...

English

Oh, yes, my washing machine. I look forward to having it delivered.

English

About the delivery time—you asked for tomorrow between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. Is that correct?

English

I’m sorry, I think the signal is weak—my audio is choppy, and I couldn’t hear you well...what time in the morning did you say?

Explanation

When you can’t hear the other person’s voice clearly over the phone, it’s important to clearly convey which part of the conversation you did not understand. Here, Sophia is asking about the 「何時」part of the conversation. Also, by saying「電波がよくないのか」, you are saying that the reason why you didn’t understand was not the other person’s fault but due to a weak signal. In this way you can avoid offending the other person.

English

Between 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.

English

Between 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Yes, that’s OK.

English

And I’d like to confirm if there is an elevator or not...

English

Uh, an elevator? Yes, there is one.

English

OK, so there is an elevator. Then I will see you between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. tomorrow. Uh, is there anything that is unclear?

English

Hmm, is there anything I need to do on my side?

Explanation

「～ておく」means 「何かをするために、前もって行動する（to do something in preparation of something」. The verb needs to be in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）. Here, Sophia is confirming if there is anything she needs to prepare before the new washing machine is delivered tomorrow.

English

Oh, yes. It would be helpful if you could drain the water.

English

Drain the water...oh, I remember being asked to drain the water from my old washing machine and to clean it. All right, see you tomorrow.

English

Long, I heard you went to a bonsai class. How was it?

English

Yes, my friend invited me, so I went to a trial class last week. I wasn’t keen to go because my image of bonsai was that it’s difficult. But after actually doing it, it was easier than I thought, and I had lots of fun.

Explanation

By using the expression「思ったより～」, you can convey that your impression of something was different from what you had anticipated. Here, Long says about bonsai that he was 「乗り気じゃなかった」, which means 「あまりそうしたくなかった（didn’t really want to do something）」. So, Long is saying that his impression of bonsai before experiencing it was that it was difficult, but it turned out to be easier than he had thought.

English

I see. What do you do in a trial class?

English

Well, the class was for two hours, and the teacher first explained the history of bonsai. Then we made our own small bonsai with the teacher’s help.

English

Wow, it’s nice that you get to make your own. But watering a bonsai tree seems difficult.

English

Oh, they taught us how to water it, too. Watering the bosai is really calming. It was a really good experience for me. Why don’t you go to a trial class, too, Sophia? I think it’s worth going.

Explanation

Long is recommending that Sophia go to a trial class too because he thought the bosai experice was really nice. By using the phrase 「V＋価値がある」, you can express that it’s something worth doing. The verb is in the dictionary form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with KOTOGADEKIRU）. Some often-used phrases are 「行く価値がある （worth going）」 and 「お金を払う価値がある（worth paying）」.

English

That’s nice. Maybe I'll go.

English

Oh, Suzuki-san, hello. Are you going out?

English

Hello, Long. Yes, I was going to go pay my electricity bill. It was pretty high this month...

English

I just checked my bill on my smartphone yesterday. I thought it wouldn’t be too high, as I live alone, but... I was shocked to see the price. I’m not home much and I don’t think I’m wasting electricity...

Explanation

Long is reflecting on how he uses electricity as he talks to Suzuki-san. The phrase 「～はずだ」is used to speculate, but especially when one is confident about the speculation. Here Long states that 「家にもあまりいないし」and that he doesn’t use much electricity in his day-to-day life, so instead of using the phrase「使っていないと思う」, which is a weak speculation, he says「使っていないはず」. A plain form verb is used in 「～はずだ」, but when you want to use a NA-adjective or a noun, it takes on the form「NA-adjective＋な」or「noun＋の」.

English

I know what you mean...

English

Electricity is essential to life, so it’s really tough when the burden on the consumer increases.

Explanation

Use the expression 「欠かせない」 when you want to imply that something is essential and that it will cause a problem if it isn’t there. When you want to say when or what it’s necessary, like in the phrase used here（「生活に欠かせない」）, you can say 「N（noun）に欠かせない」. Some examples are; 「しょうゆは日本料理に欠かせない （Soy sauce is essential to Japanese cuisine）」 「音楽はわたしの人生に欠かせないものです（Music is a must-have in my life）」.

English

I think it’s important that we rethink how companies and cities use electricity, not just households.

English

Energy issues are now a problem that people around the world must tackle...

English

I think so, too.

English

So, when the accident occurred, you were standing right here.

English

Yes, a car was parked right here, and the bicycle was trying to avoid hitting the car.

Explanation

Here, Sophia is describing the accident. When you want to express that someone was just about to do something, you use the expression 「Vようとする」. The verb is in the volition form （the plain form of 「Vましょう」）.

English

But at the same time there was a car coming up from behind... and that’s why there was a collision.

English

Huh? Which car was the bicycle hit by?

English

Oh, the car that came from behind.

English

When the bicycle was trying to avoid the parked car, did the cyclist look back to check to see if it was safe?

English

Umm... I’m not quite sure but... I don’t think the cyclist checked…

Explanation

The expression 「～じゃないか」 is used to show that the information is not certain. 「確認していなかったんじゃないか」 is the casual form of 「確認していなかったのではないか」. By adding 「んじゃ（のでは）」 to 「確認していなかった」, the phrase becomes closer to 「かもしれない」 in meaning and softens your assertation.

English

At least from here, it didn’t seem like the cyclist checked...

English

I understand. Thank you.

English

What should our raffle prizes be for this year? If possible, I want to do something different from last year.

English

Last year, I believe we had snacks, didn’t we?

Explanation

In order for a discussion to proceed smoothly, it is important to check the facts. Here, An is making sure that last year’s prize was indeed snacks. By using the phrase 「たしか～でしたね」, you can confirm if your ambiguous memory is correct. 「ね」 is used at the end of the sentence to ask for agreement or to confirm information.

English

That’s right, we had snacks. Our budget is about the same as last year and I want something that will make both adults and children happy. Do you have any ideas?

English

In that case, how about capsule toys?

Explanation

The 「それ」 of 「それだったら」 points to something that will please both the adults and children. Here, An suggests a capsule toy as something that will make both adults and children happy. By using the expression 「それだったら、～は、いかがですか」, you can respond to someone else’s opinion with a suggestion.

English

The capsules often contain cute toys inside like animals and character-themed merchandise.

English

I see, you are talking about the vending machine where you twist the handle and a toy in a ball comes out. I heard they are popular not only with children but with adults as well.

English

Now that you mention it, my daughter said she collects the toys. If we are going to use them for the festival, I wonder how much each capsule toy costs?

English

All right, I will check the price. Umm, so can I confirm（what we've discussed）? Our budget is similar to last year’s. And capsule toys are our pick for prizes.

English

That’s right, An. Thank you for looking into to it.

English

OK, next up is Long. （The floor is yours.）

English

Everyone, Happy New Year! Thanks to you all, last year I was able to experience many different things at work and it was a year full of learning.

Explanation

Long is thanking his work colleagues. 「N（noun）のおかげで」 is used to express appreciation— you’re saying that thanks to the help of N（noun）, you were able to get good results.

English

In particular I was happy that with all the advice that I got from many people I was able to go out on rounds on my own.

English

This year, I hope to be more proactive and think and act on my own.

Explanation

Here, Long uses the expression 「Vばと思っています」 to say what he wants to achieve this year. The V（verb） in 「Vばと思っています」 is where you say your goals or aspirations to express what you hope to achieve. A potential verb or potential form is used in the BA-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with BA）. This expression can used in a semi formal situation.

English

There may be times when I cause you some inconveniences, but I will do my very best. I look forward to working with everyone for another year.

English

This is to inform you that this train will be suspended at this station due to strong winds. We will announce the resumption of service as soon as we receive new information. We sincerely apologize for any inconveniences this causes for the passengers on board.

English

Umm, excuse me. I couldn’t catch what the announcement was saying…something about the train service.

Explanation

Here, An uses the phrase 「なんとか」as a placeholder for what she couldn’t understand. In this way, you can tell someone which part you you did not understand, thus making it easier for them to explain it to you.

English

Oh, they said they will suspend this train. Due to strong winds…umm, because the winds are too strong.

English

Does suspend mean it won’t move for a while?

Explanation

You can use 「～って、～ってことですか」 to confirm the meaning of a word. For example, if you want to confirm what 「見合わせる」 means, you can ask by saying 「見合わせるって、しばらく動かないってことですか」. 「って」 is often used in conversations and is replaceable with 「は」 や 「とは」.

English

Yes. They don’t know when the train will move again.

English

I see. Thank you.

English

OK, everyone. Now put flour, water, and eggs into the bowl and mix it well. After mixing it for a while, please add a little bit of salt.

Explanation

Long is giving directions on how to make okonomiyaki. Use the phrase 「～ましょう」 to invite someone to do something together. You can also use this phrase when you want to give directions, similar to 「～てください」.

English

Umm, Long. How much is a little bit of salt?

English

Well, pinch a bit of salt with your fingertips.（An pinches salt with fingers）

English

Yes! That’s the right amount.

English

Thank you.

English

Now, everyone, when it is mixed well, add the cabbage and mix it a little more.

Explanation

Here, Long is giving directions similar to 「塩も少々入れましょう」. The intransitive verb 「混ざる」 and the transitive verb 「混ぜる」 are both used in the same sentence. 「よく（材料が ingredients）混ざったら」 is intransitive and it suggests the outcome of what the ingredients should look like after the action is done. On the other hand, 「さらに混ぜましょう」 is a transitive and it suggests what someone should do with the ingredients in the bowl.

English

Understood.

English

Yesterday, I saw a news story about care robots. They were singing and talking to elderly people—it was really amazing.

Explanation

Sophia starts the conversation by saying she saw a news story yesterday and then shares her thoughts about it. When starting a conversation, you can use the expression 「S（sentence）のを見たんですけど、～」. In cases where you use a noun, the expression is 「ニュースを見た」. But in cases like in the dialogue, 「ニュースで介護ロボットについてやっていた」, where it is expressed as a passive, you say 「のを見た」. A plain form verb is used before 「のを見た」.

English

Oh, I saw that, too. The robots were talking to the elderly people like “Ms. so-and-so, please go back to your room.” But it kind of made me think.

English

Why? I thought it could help solve the labor shortage.

English

Yeah, I know there are benefits, like no labor costs. But it felt so mechanical. I don’t know if I would want to entrust my parents to them…

English

I see, certainly, if you think about your own parents, you may feel like that way.

Explanation

After listening to Tanaka-san’s opinion on care robots, Sophia expresses her understanding of his view. By using the word 「確かに」 at the beginning of the sentence, it indicates that what was said is certainly true.

English

Maybe it will be a little different if it took on a more human-like form.

English

Maybe. Or if it looked like a yuru-kyara, it might be more congenial.

English

Oh, I like that idea. You may want to go see it.

English

Umm, excuse me… I’m looking for cold medicine. There are so many it’s difficult to know which one I should get…

English

What are your symptoms?

English

I have a sore throat and a bit of a runny nose…but no cough or fever.

English

In that case, I think this medicine is the one for you. It’s good for throat and nose symptoms.

English

Umm, can I take this medicine with vitamin tablets?

Explanation

Long is using the phrase 「この薬って」 to refer to the medicine that the pharmacist recommended and to ask questions to get more information. 「って」 points to the subject, just like the particle 「は」. It is often used colloquially.

English

Yes, if it’s only vitamins then it’s not a problem. But make sure to take the medicine after you eat.

Explanation

English

Also,will this make me drowsy? I’m worried that I will get sleepy at work…

English

Well, some people may become drowsier than others, so it’s best to avoid driving a car.

Explanation

The pharmacist uses the expression 「人によっては」 to explain that some people may feel drowsier than others when they take the medicine. This implies that there are people who do not get drowsy. You use the phrase 「N（noun）によっては、～」to express that 「N（noun）の中には、～が生じることもある（～may occur）」.

English

Try it for a day and if it doesn’t work for you, please come and see me.

English

OK. I will give this a shot.

English

Suzuki-san, who lives in my apartment building—her birthday is coming soon. I’m looking for a present for her right now…

English

Is Suzuki-san the woman who is always nice to you, Long?

English

Yes, that’s right.

English

Hmm, a birthday present… What are your options?

English

I was thinking of something that’s useful but not too expensive. It seems Suzuki-san recently started going for walks with her neighbors. So I thought a water bottle might be a good idea, what do you think, Misaki?

Explanation

You can use the expression 「～はどう思う？」 when you want to ask for someone’s opinions or thoughts. Long says 「美咲さんはどう思う？」 to ask for Misaki’s opinion. As you can see from the dialogue, by asking for other people’s opinions, you will be able to broaden the range of your ideas in situations where you have to make a decision.

English

A water bottle… I don’t think that would be easy to carry. Let me see… Oh, if she goes for walks early in the morning or at night, how about a （personal） security item?

English

A security item?

English

For example, a light you can hang from your neck, or a personal safety alarm.

English

I see. I’m not familiar with those items. That sounds easy to carry and useful!

Explanation

You use the phrase 「V-そうです」 to express your thoughts after hearing about something. You use the MASU-form verb （conjugation form of verbs that ends with MASU） with this phrase. You can tell from this dialogue that Long didn’t know about security devices. But after learning about the specific items that Misaki mentioned, Long now feels that security items are easy to carry and useful.

English

Oh, that store over there. Let’s go check it out!

English

I can’t believe it’s been five years since then.

English

It’s already been five years? Time flies. You must have gotten used to life in Japan by now, haven’t you? So how’s work recently?

English

It’s fun! Compared to before, I’m being entrusted to do more things.

Explanation

You use the phrase 「～と比べて」 to compare two things or situations. Here, Sophia is comparing 「前」 and 「今」 in regards her situation at work. A noun comes before 「と比べて」. You can also use 「～に比べて」 to mean the same thing.

English

Recently, I’ve been entrusted to mentor the new employees, and I feel it’s really challenging but rewarding.

English

Wow, that’s great. Being a mentor for newcomers. As for me,I’m retiring in three years.

English

Really? You’ re going to retire soon.

English

That’s right. I started working at my company after graduating from college, so it’s been more than 30 years…

English

That long? Wow, that’s amazing!

Explanation

Words that express surprise, such as 「わあ」「すごいなー」「きれい！」 are called 感嘆詞（interjection or exclamation）. You can use one interjection to directly show your surprise, like in this dialogue. Here, Sophia used the interjection 「わあ」 to show how surprised she was to learn that her host mother had been working for such a long time.

English

Oh, sorry. Is it all right if I take a look at this for a minute?

English

Sure.
（Long takes the product in his hands and inspects it carefully）

English

What is that?

English

Oh, this is a solar battery panel for outdoor use. It’s small, light and easy to carry, so if you put it on the outside of your backpack, it’s convenient because you can charge as you walk.

Explanation

Here, Long explains about the functions of an outdoor solar battery panel. You can use expressions such as 「～て便利です」 and 「～て」 to explain how something is useful and why. Also see ＃02 for more on the usage of 「～て」 to express reasons.

English

Wow. This is my first time to see one.

English

This is useful in many different situations. You can use it to power a light at a campsite or in the mountains when you don’ have electricity, and also you don’t have to worry about charging your smartphone. Isn’t it great?

English

Yeah, that’s great!

English

And, you can use the solar battery during power outages, so I think it’s good to have one on hand.

Explanation

By using conjunctions, you can express what you are going to talk about next, which will make it easier for the listener to understand. For that reason, in long, explanatory sentences it is important that you use conjunctions appropriately. You use 「それに」 when you want to add similar information. Long uses 「それに」 to express how outdoor solar battery panels can be useful in many different situations.

English

I see, it does seem like it would be useful during a disaster.

English

For our disaster drill this year, we will do it under the assumption that a fire broke out in the kitchenette on the second floor.

English

Right. There are many fires during winter.

English

So Long, your role is to confirm that there are no people left behind on the floor when you escape.

English

When you say confirm, do you mean I should check if each and every person has escaped?

Explanation

Here, Long is using the phrase 「Verb+ばいいですか？」 to confirm if his understanding of the role given to him by Sophia for the disaster drill is correct. You use the conditional form verb（conjugation form of verbs that ends with BA）before 「いいですか？」.

English

Oh, that will be done by Tanaka-san when the evacuation is complete. For example, call out “Is anybody here?” or “Fire! Please escape at once,” and at the same time confirm that there is nobody in the halls or under the desks, as you make your escape.

Explanation

When you want to express an action that is to be done at the same time with another action, you can use the phrase 「V1ながらV2」. You use the MASU-form verb（conjugation form of verbs that ends with MASU）for V1. Sophia said, 「人がいないことを確認しながら、逃げて来てください」which means that you should confirm that there is nobody as you evacuate, not confirm and then evacuate.

English

Then, report back to me on whether anyone was left behind.

English

Understood.

English

Thank you, I'm counting on you.

English

Umm, excuse me.

English

Yes.

English

I bought this hoodie here the other day but when I got home and had my child put it on, the zipper seemed to be broken and it wouldn’t close.

Explanation

Here Sophia is explaining the kind of malfunction she found about the item she purchased. When a part of a merchandise unintentionally comes off or is broken right after purchase, it is often expressed as 「とれる（come off）」 「壊れる（break）」, using an intransitive verb. By saying that she didn’t 「チャックを壊した（break the zipper）」 but that 「チャックが壊れていた（zipper was broken）」, Sophia is implying that the merchandise was defective from the start and that it is not her fault.

English

I’m very sorry about that. Do you have a receipt for when you bought it?

English

This is it.

English

Thank you. You can either return or exchange this item, which do you prefer?

English

My child likes this design, so could you please exchange it to a new one?

Explanation

「いただける」 is a form of 「いただく」 that expresses possibility（potential verb）. By using 「いただける」, you can ask in a polite way. Before the expression 「いただけますか？」, a TE-form verb（conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE） is used.

English

Of course. I will go and check our stock, so could you please wait for a little while.

English

Thank you.

English

Your obento looks delicious as usual, Long. What’s inside that Japanese rolled omelet?

English

Dried seaweed. I saw it on a recipe site and tried making it.

English

The color is nice. But wasn’t it difficult to roll it?

English

Yes, it was. I found out after several tries, but the tip is to cut the seaweed into small parts. Then it was really easy.

Explanation

Here, Long uses the expression 「NはVことです」 to explain the tip to making a good Japanese rolled omelet. A noun such as 「コツ（tip）」 or 「ポイント（pointers）」 is used in “N”. The content of the 「コツ」 or 「ポイント」 is expressed in 「Vことだ」. A plain form verb is used in 「Vことだ」.

English

I see. I think I’ll try it next time.

English

Your rolled omelet looks good, too, Tanaka-san. What’s in it?

English

This? This is yesterday’s meat sauce.

English

Oh. Something that was left over? Is left over? Leftovers?

Explanation

When you are not sure if the word choice is correct, try saying some words that you think are correct and raise the end intonation as if you are asking a question. This is a strategy to show that you are not confident about your choice and want feedback.

English

Leftovers. My wife made it, but don’t you think it’s a great idea?

English

So An, why did you apply for this part-time job today? It says in your resume that you have come to the shop before.

English

Yes, I come here often, and I liked the fact that the staffs were kind. And it’s close to my home so I thought it would be a good environment for me to work. That is why I applied.

Explanation

It’s important when having an interview to explain why you applied in a way that is easy to understand. By using a conjunction, it will be easier for the listener to understand the flow of the conversation. Here, An explains her reason for applying before 「それで」.

English

I see. So…you wish to work the morning to noon shift.

English

Yes, that’s right.

English

The hourly wage is higher for the night shift, but are you available for night shifts?

English

I have children so the night is a little difficult…

English

Then how many days a week can you work? It would be great if you can work about three days a week.

English

If it is the day shift, I’m okay to do three days a week.

Explanation

In an interview, it’s important to tell the other person your ideal working conditions such as working hours. In the expression 「Aだったら、Bでもだいじょうぶです」, you can use it to express “if condition ‘A’ is met, then ‘B’ is possible”.

English

I see, I understand. I will call you to let you know the result of this interview later this week.

English

This is the photocopy room. You need to use a cardkey to make copies. Please use this card.

Explanation

It’s important for someone new to the workplace to understand the workplace rules and regulations. By using the phrase 「～ことになっています」, you can explain a certain rule or regulation of a place. Use the plain form verb before 「～ことになっています」.

English

Okay, I understand.

English

And here is the kitchenette. You can use it to heat your lunchbox.

Explanation

Here, Sophia says 「お弁当を温められる」 to explain to the intern one example of how the kitchenette can be used. By using the phrase 「～たりすることもできます」, you can explain one usage, out of many ways, of one place. The TA-form verb （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TA） is used in 「～たりする」.

English

Feel free to drink the tea here. Many people bring their own cups.

English

Thank you. I will bring a cup.

English

That’s it for the explanation of this floor, but if you have any questions, please ask me anytime.

English

Hello, this is Sakae Sushi Ichigo-ten.

English

Umm, excuse me. My name is Long and I made a reservation for 7PM this Friday.

English

Mr…Long… Oh, yes. Mr.Long, a table for six from 7PM this Friday.

English

That’s right. Umm, I’m calling because I have some requests for the food.

Explanation

Long starts the conversation by telling the restaurant staff the reason he is calling. In such a way, by clarifying the intent of your conversation, the listener will be able to speculate as you converse. This will allow the other person to understand you better.

English

One person will be bringing a child. So I would like for one sushi to be made without wasabi.

English

Oh, of course. One sushi without wasabi. Understood, Sir. Oh, does anyone have allergies?

English

No, that is not a problem. And the child is only three years old, so it might be difficult for the child to stay seated. So, if possible, a tatami room would be nice instead of a table seat…

Explanation

Expressions confirming whether your preference, such as 「和室でお願いできますか(can we use the Japanese-style room)」 「和室にしてもらえますか(can we have the tatami room) 」 can be met is omitted after the phrase 「～んですが…」. If you are talking to a person who is used to the Japanese communication style, that person understands that such preferences were omitted when 「～んですが…」 is used . By not saying it outright, it gives the impression that you are modest. You can show that you are being polite by using modest expressions, therefore such usage is useful when asking something that may require extra work on the other end.

English

Oh, you want to change your seating arrangement to a tatami room.

English

Umm, yes. That’s right.

English

Well, that’s not a problem.

English

Great. Please make the change.

English

Yes, I will. We will be waiting for you this Friday at 7PM with a tatami room ready.

English

Huh? You use a bicycle, too, Long?

English

Actually, this is my first week. So I’m not used to it. Especially in the evening, there are so many people…

English

The roads are narrow so it’s tough until you get used to it.

English

Umm, I wanted to ask you, but are you not allowed to ring the bicycle bell? I haven’t seen anyone doing it…

English

When I had just came to Japan, I used to often ring my bell whenever there was someone in front of me when I was riding my bicycle.

Explanation

You use the phrase 「Verbたばかり」 to show that not much time has passed since the verb in the phrase. For example, 「Verbたばかりのころ」is used often when you are remembering something you had just done verb-wise. The verb is in the TA-form (conjugation form of verbs that ends with TA).

English

But my friend told me not to because ringing the bell too much will scare people. I think you should only use the bell when you feel like it’s a really dangerous situation.

English

I see. I’m glad I asked you.

English

Following rules is important but the way of thinking and manners are also important. Be careful!

Explanation

「A（の）はもちろんだけどB」 is used to show that “A” is important but so is “B”. If a word other than a noun is used to represent “A”, then a 「の」 is added, so that the first part of the phrase becomes 「Aのは」.

English

The Hanamiko Hotel announced that they will close the hotel at the end of this year.

English

Wow, Hanamiko Hotel is going to close. It was a famous hotel.

English

It’s a pity. Could it be the influence of COVID-19?

English

It looks like way. It seems the number of customers decreased the past two years.

English

I thought so…

Explanation

「やっぱり」 is an adverb used to say that “it was as you thought”, or “it was as you expected”. You can simply say, 「やっぱり」 or you can use it in a sentence like 「やっぱり、お客さんが減ったんですね。」

English

They just said that the number of visitors who came to Hanamiko was 60% of what it used to be. It must be tough for sightseeing spots.

English

Yes. It must be.

English

But the travel campaign has started, so I’m sure that the situation of sightseeing spots will get better.

Explanation

「きっと」 is an adverb used to express that the probability of your speculation or prediction is high. It is often used with phrases like 「～でしょう（だろう）」 「～と思います」 at the end of the sentence.

English

Hi, An. It’s getting really hot recently.

English

Hello, Kazue. It is really hot.

English

It’s tough because the electricity bills get so high when it becomes this hot. I wonder if there are any good ways to save money.

English

To save money…Oh, I heard cleaning the air conditioning is one good way.

Explanation

Here, An is explaining to Kazue one way she knows how to save money on electricity. When relaying an information gained by seeing, hearing or learning from someone or something else, you use the phrase 「～そうです」. A plain form verb or adjective comes before 「～そうです」.

English

I see, I hadn’t cleaned it recently. What else do you do?

English

Umm…I try to use the electric fan along with air conditioning.

Explanation

By using the phrase 「～ようにしています」, you can express the fact that it is something that you do as a routine or habit. Here, An is asked what she does to save money on electricity and she answers one routine that she conducts.

English

Really? I didn’t know that. I think I’ll try it starting from today.

English

The tea ceremony experience was really interesting.

English

It really was. I had a wonderful time. My children had experienced a tea ceremony at the community center before, so I had seen pictures and heard them talk about it. But hearing about it and actually experiencing it is totally different.

English

I agree. I thought turning the tea bowl to drink the tea was most interesting.

Explanation

broaden your conversation by adding details like 「お茶碗をまわして飲むのがおもしろい」, instead of just saying 「おもしろかった」「よかった」. You use the combination, “plain form verb＋のが＋Adjective” or “noun or verb＋plain form adjective” to say what you did or saw and how you felt about it.

English

I didn’t know there was a front side and a back side to a tea bowl.

English

I know. And everything from sweets, tea, flowers on display, to the seating arrangements…they all have a meaning. It’s the spirit of hospitality.

English

That’s right! And things like you shouldn’t wear a watch, and that you should wear white socks…the fact that there are a lot of things a visitor should to pay attention to left a strong impression on me.

Explanation

Another way to express your thoughts other than using an adjective is 「印象に残っています」. This phrase is useful when you want to say that something left a strong impression.

English

It’s not just about the spirit of hospitality, but also how the visitor receives it is important, too!

English

Oh, hi, Long. What happened to your eyes?

English

Oh, Suzuki-san. Actually, I went to the hospital because my eyes were swollen. But now that the doctor has seen me, I am okay.

English

Oh, okay. I’m glad to hear that.

English

I’m going to go pick up my medicine, but do you know any pharmacy around here that stays open until late at night?

Explanation

Long is looking for a pharmacy and he says what kind of pharmacy he prefers in his conversation to Suzuki. Long is looking for a pharmacy near his house, so he limits the area to 「この近く」 by using 「で」. For example, you can limit your area by saying 「会社の近くで」 o r「この町で」.

English

Let me see…

English

I usually have to work, so it would be nice if I could stop by on my way 　　home from work.

Explanation

In this sentence, Long includes another preference that he wants the pharmacy to be 「仕事の帰りにも寄れるところがいい」. Compared to just telling them what you want, by adding the reason why you are looking for such a pharmacy will allow the listener to get a better understanding of your situation. Here, 「ので」is used in the phrase 「普段は仕事があるので」 to explain the reason. You can use either polite form sentence or a plain form sentence before 「ので」. If the word before 「ので」 is a verb, use the plain form. If the word before 「ので」 is an i-adjective, it becomes「i-adjective+い」. If the word before 「ので」is a na-adjective or a noun, it becomes 「na-adjective/noun＋な」.

English

The pharmacy close to the train station is open until late but…Oh! I saw 　on the news that you can pick up prescription drugs at convenience stores. An pharmacist will explain to you about the medicine online.

English

Oh! That’s really helpful. I’m going to see if convenience stores nearby offer that service.

English

It’s so convenient now.

English

I received this letter...

English

Oh, it’s the contract renewal notice for your room. Are you going to renew it?

English

Actually, I’m trying to decide if I should move or not.

English

Oh, really. So how do you like your current home?

English

My neighbors are nice people, but it’s 25 minutes away from the train station, so I feel like it’s a bit far.

Explanation

Long uses expressions 「～んですけど、～んです」 to explain to Tanaka about his current living situation. Here, the positive side that 「近所の人が優しい」 and the negative side that 「駅から遠い」 are both mentioned. A plain form adjective or verb comes before 「～んです」. The word 「よ」 at the end of the sentence is used to express that the speaker is talking about something the listener does not know.

English

I see, it does make you think. I thought long and hard until I decided on my current house.

English

How did you decide on your house, Tanaka-san?

Explanation

Here, Long is asking Tanaka about what factors to be mindful of when deciding on where to live. You can ask the specifics on how to do so by using the phrase 「どうやって～しましたか」.

English

Well, I chose a good environment for my children where schools and parks are nearby. I think it’s best to think what’s important to you.

English

What’s important... I’ll think about it.

English

Misaki, I wanted to talk to you about our next day off…

English

Oh, is it about how we talked about going somewhere in a rental car with our friends? What should we do?

English

Yes, about that. How about going to Mount Tsukuba?

Explanation

「～のはどうですか」is an expression used when proposing an idea. It’s important to convey and receive each other’s opinions when making plans with friends. Here, Long proposes Mount Tsukuba as a destination spot and is asking Misaki how she feels about it. A plain form verb comes before 「～のはどうですか」.

English

I heard that the view from the top is really beautiful.

English

Mount Tsukuba… mmm, it’s a little far away.

English

I see. The weather forecast said we’ll have good weather on that day, so I thought it was a good idea…

Explanation

It’s important not to speak too strongly when expressing your opinions to your friends. Long said 「天気も良さそうだし」 to express why he thought Mount Tsukuba was a good choice. He used the expression 「～し」 to convey his reason. By adding 「～んですが…」 after you convey your reasons, it softens the impact of your sentence.
Usage of 「そうです」 is mentioned in Small Talk for “‘Drive My Car’ Wins Academy Award for Best International Feature.” It is used to express something you heard from another person or learnt from news and such.

English

Then, how about Mount Takao? It’s closer and I’ve heard the view is nice, too.

English

Mount Takao is a great idea. Let’s ask our friends if they agree.

English

Oh, good morning Tanaka-san. How was your weekend?

English

I went to see my child’s baseball game.

English

Does your child play baseball?

English

Yes, he plays for the school’s extracurricular club. I was in the baseball club during junior and high school, too, so I had a lot of fun. Did you do any extracurricular activities at school?

English

No, I didn’t, but I played for a local volleyball team from when I was nine to 18 years old.

Explanation

You use the phrase 「～から～まで+VERB」 to show the duration of something. You express when you started with 「～から」 and when you ended with 「～まで」. For example, 「2000年から2006年まで」（from year 2000 until/to year 2006）and 「小学生から高校生まで」（from elementary school until/to high school）.

English

There was an Olympian that I looked up to, so I took up volleyball because I wanted to be like that player.

Explanation

「～って思って始めたんです」 is a phrase to express the reason why you started something along with how you felt at that time. A plain form verb or an adjective that show your feelings, such as「VERB +たい」, 「かっこいい」or 「おもしろい」 , often come before 「って」. When you want to talk more politely, replace the 「って」 with 「と」, for example 「その選手みないになりたいと思って」.

English

Oh, I didn’t know that.

English

I need to first open the AED and then turn it on. Oh, the audio instruction is starting.

English

First, remove all clothes from the upper body. Next, prepare the pads and place it onto the body as shown in the picture.

English

I’m sorry, Kazue. Jyo..? What did the instructions say to take off?

Explanation

An repeated the sound she heard, 「じょう…？」. This is a way to confirm a word you didn’t understand or couldn’t catch in the previous conversation. In this simple way, you can convey to the other person what you didn’t understand and what it is that you want to confirm. It is an important strategy to receive help smoothly from the person you are having the conversation with.

English

The clothes on the upper body. Like a shirt or a jacket. Okay, I’ll do it.

English

Got it. Umm, then we need to prepare the pads, right?

Explanation

An is asking Kazue for confirmation on what to do next. The usage of 「よね」 at the end of a sentence implies that you are unsure about your understanding or thought. Everyone must have had a situation where you think you understand everything but worried whether it is really correct. In such a case, using 「よね」 will be a good way to see if you are right.
「よね」 came up previously and we learned a different usage of 「よね」 where it’s used to show agreement with the person you are having the conversation with.

English

We need to prepare the pads and then we place them on the chest. Two places, here and here. Can you do it?

English

Okay, here and here. I’ll do it.

English

Your reusable bag has a unique pattern.

English

Oh, this? I bought it during trip to Okinawa last week.

English

You went to Okinawa? My friend gave me a pottery from Okinawa before. Umm... it was Yamu... Yachi…

English

Oh, you mean “Yachimun.” It's Okinawan pottery. I like its rustic quality.

English

Yes. There is a street in Okinawa where lots of Yachimun are sold, right?

English

Uh-huh. It’s called Yachimun Street. Long, are you interested in pottery?

English

A little bit. But I like pieces made by younger generations more than the traditional ones. The designs are interesting.

English

Do stores in Yachimun Street sell pieces like that?

Explanation

In daily conversations, abbreviations and demonstrative pronouns are used to avoid repetitions. 「そういう」 means 「そのような」, and in this sentence it refers to 「若い人が作った」. Demonstrative pronouns that begins with 「そ」 are often used to indicate something that was just spoken. A noun comes immediately after the demonstrative 「そういう」. In this sentence, the word 「の」 is used in place of the noun 「作品」, therefore 「そういうの」 implies 「そういう作品」.

English

Yes. There are shops run by young artists, so I’m sure you will find something you like.

English

Really? I want to go there someday.

English

Oh, Tomoko! It’s been a while.

English

Hi, An. I haven’t seen you for so long. You look the same. How are you?

English

Yeah, thankfully I’m doing good. You look good yourself, Tomoko.

English

I’m doing great. By the way, Tokyo is hot.

English

It is hot here.

Explanation

Weather is a popular conversation topic, so learning terms and expressions about the weather will be useful. In this dialogue, An replies 「暑いですよね」 to Tomoko’s comment of 「暑いね」. The 「よね」 at the end of the sentence expresses agreement to what the other person previously said.

English

Nagano is much cooler, isn’t it?

Explanation

You will find different weathers in different areas of Japan. Temperature, humidity, amount of rainfall and snowfall, etc. will change in accordance to where you live in Japan. An thinks that Nagano must be cooler than Tokyo, so she asks Tomoko. You can use the expression 「～んじゃないんですか」 to confirm your thoughts and speculations. The plain form of either verb or adjective is placed before 「～んじゃないんですか」. However, if it is a NA-adjective or a past-negative form of a verb, you must then use the phrase 「～なんじゃないんですか」.

English

Not really. This year was really hot. But... I think it’s better than here.

English

So, I’ll be leaving now to work outside the office.

English

Long, it’s hot today so be careful of the heat.

Explanation

You can use this phrase to advise someone who is about to go outside on a hot summer day to mind the heat. Other ways to call out are 「帽子をかぶっていった方がいいですよ」 which means “It might be better to wear a hat.” and 「暑いから、無理しないでね」 which means “It’s hot so take it easy.” If you are talking to your boss or someone older than you, it’s better to use the polite form 「暑いから、無理しないでくださいね」.

English

Okay, thank you.

English

Make sure to drink water often so you won’t suffer from heatstroke.

Explanation

This is a phrase used to tell someone to take heed.The verb in 「V +ように」 can either be the dictionary-form(naru) or the negative-form(naranai). However, when the usage is to warn someone, it often takes the latter form「～ならないように」. A sentence with this phrase usually ends with 「しなさい／してください」 or 「お願いします」.

English

I will.

English

Sophia, this is a character from the film “Sulphur’s Castle,” right?

English

Yes, it is.

English

You watch Japanese anime, Sophia?

English

Yes, recently I do.

English

I was watching it with my child at first, and then I became hooked on it.

Explanation

Here, Sophia talks about how she came to watch Japanese anime. By using the phrase 「“VERB” +たら」, you can show that it was not something that you planned but rather something that happened naturally. 「はまる」 is a casual phrase best used between friends which means “to become hooked” on something.

English

I especially think the illustrations of “Sulphur’s Castle” are fantastic and the story is well written. It gives you the feeling like you are watching a film.

Explanation

Instead of expressing your feelings by just saying 「楽しい（気分）」（pleasant feeling） and 「いい（気分）」（good feeling）, you can broaden your range of expression by comparing your feelings to something else. For example, 「映画を見ているような気分」. If the word before the phrase「～ような気分」 is a noun, you can say 「N+のような気分」. If the word before 「～ような気分」 is a verb, use the plain form of the verb.

English

Oh, really?

English

Have you watched the “Suphur’s Castle?”

English

No, not yet.

English

I think you will like it. Oh, I have a DVD. Do you want to borrow it?

English

Your new car looks really nice.

English

My previous car had a lot of miles on it and it was beat up so... I finally bought a new one.

English

I want my own car someday.

English

If possible, I want an SUV...

Explanation

Long not only tells Tanaka that he wants his own car, but specific details about what kind of car he wants. When talking about something that has different types, like cars, and you want to specify which type you prefer, you can use the expression 「Noun +がいい」. Here Long uses this expression with 「可能なら」 which means “if possible.”

English

Can I buy one for approximately 1.5 million yen?