English

Tanaka-san, are you going anywhere for the upcoming holidays?

English

We’re going to take the Hokuriku Shinkansen and go to the dinosaur museum in Fukui. Our kids begged us to take them there.

Explanation

「せがまれる（segamareru）」（to be begged/pestered for something）
「せがむ」 is a word that refers to strongly requesting something from a person of higher status. 「せがまれる」 is the passive form of 「せがむ」. This word is used in casual settings or everyday life situations. It is not used in formal situations such as for work.

English

I see. The “shinkansen effect”sure is something. I feel like more and more people around me are visiting the Hokuriku region now.

Explanation

「●●●効果（●●●-kooka）」（●●● effect）
「効果」 is the effect or effectiveness of something. It refers to the desired outcome that results from a certain action. 「新幹線効果」 refers to the positive effects that arise from the opening of a shinkansen line, for example, the revitalization of the local economy, or the development of tourism.

English

Long-san, the next time you visit our branch in Kanazawa, why don't you 「足をのばす」 out to the area?

Explanation

「足をのばす（ashi o nobasu）」（to stretch one's legs out / to go further / to go out to）
「This expression has two meanings. First, it means “to stretch out your legs and relax in a more comfortable position.” Second, it is used as an idiom that means to go further than where you are or your intended destination. You will have to infer which meaning it is by context.

English

「足をのばす」? Do you mean I should stretch out my legs when I’m on the shinkansen?

English

Uh, no. When you go to Kanazawa, why don’t you go a bit further and swing by Fukui? With the shinkansen being extended, it won’t feel like it's so far away.

English

Hey, did you hear? People will be able to place their children in a day care even if they aren’t working.

Explanation

「ねえ、聞いた？（Nee, kiita?）」（Hey, did you hear?）
This expression is used to bring up a news story in a casual conversation between friends. When you want to know if the other person knows about a certain topic, use 「知ってた？」. In this case, Sophia wants to confirm if her friend has heard about a news story, so she uses the expression 「聞いた？」. 「ねえ」 is a casual way to call out to the other person to get their attention. If the other person’s attention is on something else, you can repeat it twice and say, 「ねえ、ねえ」.

English

Really? When we were child-rearing, it was difficult to find a day care that could look after your child even if you were working.

English

Non-working parents who are raising a child tend to become isolated, so I think this is a great system.

Explanation

「●●●がち（●●●gachi）」（tends to ...）
This is used to express an action that one often takes, or to describe a typical behavior or tendency. It is more often used in cases where the tendency is a negative one or there is room for improvement. The 「ます」 of the masu-verb form is replaced by 「がち」. 「孤立しがち」 is formed by replacing the 「ます」 in 「孤立します」 to 「がち」.

English

And if parents place their children in daycare, they can make mom friends, like we did.

Explanation

「ママ友（mama-tomo）」（mom friends）
「ママ」 comes from the English “mama” or “mamma” and is how children refer to their mother. The Japanese equivalent is 「お母さん」. Mom friends are women with young children whom you get to know through taking your child to a park, kindergarten, or day care.

English

Having mom friends who are raising similar-aged children is a must, so that you can casually talk about your worries and other things you want to talk about.

English

That’s right! I got a lot of advice from older mom friends when I was raising my eldest.

English

Me too. Actually, there was something I wanted to ask you regarding my kid...

English

If a real tsunami alert is issued, what do we bring with us when we evacuate?

English

Instead of worrying about what to bring, you should escape to the highest place near you with nothing but the clothes on your back.

Explanation

「着の身着のまま（ki no mi ki no mama）」（nothing but the clothes on your back）
This expression means 「今、着ているもののほかは何も持っていない （to take nothing with you but what you are wearing）. 」 It expresses a situation where you evacuate on the spot without taking anything with you, for example, in the case of an earthquake, fire, or tsunami. 「まま」 means 「ある状態を変えずに （without changing the current situation）」. This expression is also used to describe a situation in which you rushed out of the house after receiving urgent news unrelated to a natural disaster.

English

But you have to take a mobile phone with you to confirm the safety of others and to gather information.

Explanation

「安否を確認する（anpi o kakunin-suru）」（check if ... is safe）
「安否」 means 「無事かどうか（if you are safe or not）」. It is the action of checking to see if certain people are alive or safe in the event of a natural disaster, accident, or incident. If it’s unclear whether they are safe or not, the expression 「安否が不明（safety unknown） 」is used.

English

Our family will call 171 and leave a message to tell each other that we are safe, so I don’t have to have a mobile phone.

English

That’s the number for 「災害用伝言ダイヤル（Disaster Emergency Message Dial）」right? You can check on each other’s safety from a pay phone even in cases of communication failure.

Explanation

「通信障害（tsuushin-shoogai）」（communication failure/network outage）
A situation where communication networks such as telephone and the internet are temporarily unavailable due to problems that arise from natural disasters or a technical issue is called 「通信障害」. 「障害」 refers to the problem that occurs when something doesn’t function properly. You can also say, 「通信障害が発生する」. When things are back to normal and the problem is fixed, you can say 「復旧した（fukkyuu-shita）」 or 「回復した（kaifuku-shita）」.

English

Each cellphone carrier has their own message service in case of disasters, so it’s important to look into it beforehand. And if there is communication failure, they say you can use a free, secure Wi-Fi network called　“00000JAPAN.”

English

Wow, I didn’t know that. I admire you for knowing so much, Sophia!

English

What type of dog is Hachiko?

English

He was an Akita dog. His owner was a university professor and the dog’s name was Hachi. “Ko(o)” is a suffix that was used in the past to turn a name into a nickname.

Explanation

「●●●公（●●●koo）」（familiar suffix）
TThe kanji 「公（koo）」can also be read as 「おおやけ（ooyake）」 and refers to the public in general. It can also be used after a name to pay respect to a person of high rank. For example, 「徳川家康 （Tokugawa Ieyasu）」 is also called 「徳川公 （Tokugawakoo）」 and 「家康公 （Ieyasukoo）」. The usage of “koo” in 「ハチ公 （Hachikoo）」 expresses a friendly relationship with someone younger or of a lower status, or in this case, a nickname for a pet. However, this usage is no longer common.

English

I see. To all appearances, he looks like a regular dog—why is he famous?

Explanation

「どう見ても（doo mite mo）」（to all appearances）
「どう見ても」 is used to emphasize that something is clear and understandable from any and all angles. You can also say, 「どこから見ても」「どのように見ても」.

English

Well, it’s because even after the professor passed away, Hachi waited for his return at the Shibuya Station ticket gate every day for ten years.

Explanation

「それはね（sore wa ne）」（Well...）
This is an expression used to give an explanation or reasons in response to a question or topic the other person has brought up. It can only be used toward someone you are familiar with or who is younger or of a lower status. It is impolite to use it in a conversation with an elder or someone of higher status. So if a child asks, どうして●●●なの？（Dooshite ●●●nano?）」, then you can answer by saying 「それはね、△△△だからなんだよ（Sore wa ne, △△△dakara nanda yo.）」.

English

I see. So that’s why they call him “Faithful Dog Hachiko.”

English

So now I’d like to report on the progress of team C.
（Sophia finishes her presentation and asks if there are any questions.）

Explanation

「進捗状況を報告いたします」（Shinchoku-jookyoo o hookoku-itashimasu.）
This expression is used when reporting on the progress or the current status of a project or job at a meeting. 「進捗」 refers to how far along you are in relation to the project or work goals and schedule. If a problem occurs and you need to report on the negative effect it is having on the project, leave out 「進捗」. In such cases, use only the word 「状況」 and say, 「状況を報告いたします」.

English

I’d like to confirm one thing. You said, “We will actualize this in 10 years.” Does that mean we will continue to invest in this project for the next 10 years?

Explanation

「ひとつ確認させてください」（Hitotsu kakunin-sasete kudasai.）
When you want to ask questions, state the number of questions that you have first, and then ask the questions concisely. If there are three questions that you want to ask, say 「3つ、確認させてください。」

English

Thank you for your question. Yes, it means that the investment period will continue for 10 years. However, we will see a big result 10 years from now.

English

I see, but that is a risk.

English

Failure is out of the question, so we will do our best. Thank you for your valuable input.

Explanation

「目も当てられない」（me mo aterarenai）
「目も当てられない」 describes a situation where something is in such a terrible state or circumstances that you cannot bear to look.

English

Hey, did you hear? There’s a new anime facility in Ikebukuro, Tokyo.

Explanation

知ってる？（Shitteru?）
The 「い」 in 「知っている？」is often omitted in spoken language. Instead of saying 「東京の池袋に新しくできたアニメの施設のことを知っていますか。」, Ann begins with a question:「知ってる？」. This conveys to the listener that they are about to hear something that the speaker thinks they should know about 「自分が知っているべき情報だ」. That, in turn, raises their interest level. Note that if the information is something that the other person has no way of knowing, using 「知ってる？」will only bring about the opposite outcome. It will make them think, 「そんなことをどうして私が知っていなければいけないのか（Why should I have to know that?）」. So be sure to use the expression carefully.

English

Oh, yes. It was featured on TV the other day.

English

Actually, my family is coming to Tokyo, and I’m planning to take them there this weekend. I’m not very familiar with Tokyo, and so I was wondering if you would come with us.

Explanation

付き合う（tsukiau）
「付き合う」 is used to express a situation where people do something together for social reasons. For example, 「食事に付き合う （have dinner together）」「残業に付き合う（work late together）」. Here, Ann is asking her friend to come along with her to the new anime facility. 「付き合う」is also used when the intention is to form a close relationship or a romantic relationship. For example, 「彼女と付き合っています（I am going out with her）」to explain that you are in a boyfriend-girlfriend relationship, or 「近所の人とは全く付き合いがない （I have no relationship with my neighbors）」to explain the level of relationship.

English

Thanks, but I’ll pass. I’m not interested in anime.

Explanation

パスする（pasu-suru）
This expression is used when turning down an invitation or a recommendation from someone you are close to. 「パス」 in 「パスする」 comes from the English word “pass,” which is used during card games to skip your turn. By extension, it came to be used as a way to refuse something in a way that suggests 「今回は断るけど、永久に断るわけではない。 （I won’t do it this time but it’s not a definitive no）」. Be sure not to use this with your superiors. To refuse politely, use the expression 「今回は遠慮させてください。（Konkai wa enryo-sasete kudasai.）（Please kindly let me refrain this time）」.

English

Oh, come on, don’t say that! Come with us! I want to introduce you to my family...

English

OK, OK. I’ll go—because I want to see what your family is like.

English

Thank you so much！You’re a lifesaver!

English

Thank you very much for your time today. I’m Sophia. It’s very nice to meet you.

Explanation

「本日はお時間をいただき、ありがとうございます。」
（Honjitsu wa ojikan o itadaki, arigatoo gozaimasu.）
This expression is used to show gratitude to the other party for setting aside time in their busy schedule for you. By saying thank you at the beginning of an interview with a superior or a business meeting with a client, you can make a good impression. It is not necessary to use this expression when you were invited by the other party. You can also use the similar expression 「お時間を割いていただき」. This conveys gratitude to someone for taking time out of their day for you, when they could have used it for other activities or work. For example, a lecturer may use this expression at the beginning of a seminar.

English

The pleasure is ours. Umm, do you have a smartphone, Sophia?

English

Yes...
（Takes out smartphone from her pocket）

English

This is my business card.
（shows business card）
Please place your smartphone on top of this card.

English

Wow, I just got your info on my phone! Digital business cards are very convenient.

English

As long as you have your smartphone charged, digital business cards are great.

English

I see, and they are eco-friendly, too. And you can never run out of business cards.

Explanation

「●●●が切れる」（●●●ga kireru）
「切れる」　is a verb used to refer to a specific action such as 「ハサミで切ることができる (can cut with scissors)」, but it also has the meaning “to finish” or “to interrupt.” Here, it is used to show that something that is used continuously is temporarily lacking. 「名刺が切れる」means that she has used up all of her business cards and has not yet printed out a new batch.

English

The thing is, there are people who don’t have a smartphone, so we carry paper business cards just in case.

English

I see.

English

（nervous laughter）
Because we have both, it’s hard to say if we are really eco-friendly.

Explanation

「微妙ですね」（Bimyoo desu ne.）
「微妙」 is a term originally used to describe a situation that is 「趣が深く、何とも言えない美しさや味わいがあるような様子(something that is deeply atmospheric and has an undescribable beauty or taste)」. However, in conversation, we use it when asked for an opinion or impression as a way to say that the difference is too small to be clearly expressed, or that the situation is complicated. Here, the client uses it to express that they are aware they are not entirely eco-friendly, as they also carry paper business cards.

English

I’m a little anxious for a robot to be making the rounds instead of a security guard.

Explanation

We use the expression 「不安が残る（fuan ga nokoru）」to emphasize that one has doubts and concerns after a piece of information or an explanation was given to them. It is used to show that one is not feeling completely safe or satisfied. In cases where the exact reason for the apprehension cannot be pointed out but one feels a vague sense of insecurity, we say 「何か不安が残る」.

English

I’ve said this before, but this security company is the cheapest.

Explanation

「繰り返しになりますが（kurikaeshi ni narimasu ga）」

This expression is used when you feel that the other person has not understood or needs confirmation, and so you will repeat an explanation that you have previously given.「繰り返しになりますが」 can be used to emphasize an important point or when something is repeated for confirmation. However, this expression should not be used toward a superior, as it will come across as impolite.

English

That may be so, but I don’t know.

English

What exactly is making you feel anxious?

English

What exactly...well...it’s just a feeling.

English

Then why don’t we do this? Let’s ask our fellow employees to list the issues with having robotic security guards. What do you think?

Explanation

「じゃあ、こうしませんか。（Jaa, koo shimasen ka.）」

This is a phrase used to propose a solution when a problem arises during a conversation. Instead of suddenly making a suggestion, this phrase will act as an introduction that you are about to suggest a solution. You can make a concise suggestion and then follow it with a 「どうでしょうか。」to confirm like Long did here.

English

（doorbell rings, door opens）
Hi. I went to Hiroshima with my husband this weekend. Please accept this manju, a souvenir from our trip.

English

Wow, thank you so much. The weather was nice so it must have been crowded.

English

Yes. Miyajima was especially packed with tourists.

Explanation

「ごった返す（gottagaesu）」

This expression refers to a very crowded situation. It not only means that there are many people, but that there is confusion due to the commotion. Here, An uses it to convey that there were many tourists where they visited.

English

I imagine! The locals are probably fed up with having so many visitors.

Explanation

「地元の人（jimoto no hito）」

「地元」 is the land where one lives, and 「地元の人」 are people who have lived in a particular area or place for a long time. Here, 「地元の人」 refers to those who live in a certain place, as opposed to tourists, who only visit temporarily.

English

But they said they are going to collect tax along with the boat fare to the island and use it to clean up the town.

English

Really? I’m not sure if it’s a good idea to collect tax money that way.

Explanation

「いかがなものかなぁ。（ikaga na mono ka naa）」

「いかがなもの」 is the polite form of 「どのようなもの」. We use this phrase when we feel that there is a problem or have a question about something, and also when we want to ask critical questions. Long adds 「かなぁ」 to make it sound like he was talking to himself and thus indirectly conveys his doubt. The phrase 「いかがなものでしょうか」 is used when directly speaking to the other person. It is used when we question the other person with feelings of 「本当にそれで良いのか（Is that really how it should be?）」 「それは適切なことなのか（Is it appropriate?）」.

English

I think the amount（of the tax）is not so high that it warrants saying 「いかがなもの」, and if the town improves, it will make not only locals but tourists happy as well.

English

How about this train? It’s a food model train!

English

A food model train? What is that?

Explanation

「何、それ（Nani, sore.）」

We use this phrase when we don't quite understand the meaning of something said by someone we are close to, or when we are taken aback. We can also say 「何だ、それ」. Because it is not a question, the intonation at the end is lowered. It means 「あなたが言っていることは意味不明です。（I don't understand what you are saying）」, so be careful of the usage, as if used incorrectly, one can sound impolite.

English

It says there are many food models on the train.

English

We don’t have to get on a train for that, we can just see them at a restaurant, can’t we?

English

Well, yes... Oh, take a look at this picture.

Explanation

「●●●てごらん（●●●te goran）」

When we want to urge someone to do something, change the verb so that it ends with 「て」 and add 「ごらん」 after it. Here, the husband is saying it to his wife, but it is more commonly used by parents when speaking to their children. As it includes a notion of command, it is impolite to use toward a superior.

English

Wow, that’s amazing. It looks so real. Looks interesting.

English

Right? Let’s go on this train.

Explanation

「だろう？（Daroo？）」

This is a way of saying 「そうだろう？」 without the 「そう」. 「そう」 refers to what we previously said to the other person, and is used when we want to confirm that what we have said is correct. The polite form is 「そうでしょう？」 and 「でしょう？」. However, since it is a affirmative interjection that emphasizes that what we said was correct, it is impolite to use it toward a superior.

English

That’s a portable gas stove, isn’t it? Did the gas stove in your kitchen break?

Explanation

「それって、●●●ですよね（sorette,●●●desu yo ne）」（That’s ..., isn’t it?）

「それって」 is a casual way of saying 「それは」. It is used, as in this example scenario, when we want to confirm our understanding of something the other person has around them, or what the other person has said. Here, An is confirming the reason why Long bought a new portable gas stove even though there is a gas stove in his apartment.

English

Oh, this? I bought it in case gas and electricity are shut off by an earthquake.

English

I heard that there is a cooking site that shares recipes you can cook in the case of a disaster.

Explanation

「●●●みたいですよ（●●●mitai desu yo）」（I heard that ... / Apparently ...）

One of the functions of 「みたい」 is to convey what the speaker has inferred based on what they have seen or heard. An has heard about this website sometime in the past, but has not actually used the site, so she adds みたい to convey the information. 「よ」 is added to information that the other person does not know. If An thought Long knew about it, she would have added「ね」 and said, 「あるみたいですね。」

English

I see. I don’t normally cook at all, so I wouldn’t know how to cook even if I had a recipe.

English

All the more reason you should take a look at the website. They are all simple recipes, so I think it would be good practice for you.

Explanation

「だったらなおさら（dattara naosara）」（in that case, all the more reason）

「だったら」 is used when we want to casually express our thoughts or opinions in response to new information. The word 「なおさら」 indicates a more advanced state of things. Therefore the combination of the two in 「だったらなおさら」 means that the new information we have learned from the other person’s story is added as a condition for the next step. Here, when An learns that Long doesn’t cook, she encourages him to try cooking recipes that can be prepared during a disaster.

English

I see. Then I think I’ll start learning how to cook with this portable gas stove.

English

So... “yami-baito” is a scary thing, huh?

Explanation

「それにしても（sore ni shite mo）」（at any rate / nevertheless / even so）

「それにしても」 is a conjunctive used to change topics. We use it to comment on a topic that was previously talked about. Also, it can be used to convey a feeling of unexpected anxiety or admiration after a certain fact was confirmed during a conversation. In the dialogue, Long uses it in yet another way: to start a conversation about a topic everyone is aware about.

English

It really is. You think you’ll be able to earn easy money, and then you find out that you are helping commit a crime.

English

A foreigner who doesn’t understand Japanese may unknowingly do “yami-baito.”

English

I don’t think it’s necessarily a matter of Japanese language ability. The people who got arrested the other day were all Japanese.

Explanation

「●●●の問題とは限らない（●●●no mondai to wa kagiranai）」（it’s not necessarily a matter of ...）

We use the partial negation expression 「とは限らない」to point out that there are exceptions. It is often used when discussing social issues, and we want to mention that there may be other possible causes or exceptions. For example, if we say 「女性だけの問題とは限らない」 about a certain social issue, it is expressing the notion that there are people other than women who have similar problems.

English

You have a point there.

Explanation

「言われてみればそうかもしれませんね（iwarete mireba soo ka mo shiremasen ne）」（come to think of it, you may have a point）

We sometimes gain new perspective when someone expresses an opinion that differs from our own. Long feels that his coworker may have a point and says, 「そうかもしれませんね」. We use the expression 「言われてみれば確かにそうですね。」 to imply that we have changed our opinion and agree with the person we are talking with. Conversely, when we cannot accept the other person’s opinion, we can refute by using such expressions as 「そうは言うけど」 and 「そういう考えもあるけど」.

English

There is an expression in Japanese, 「うまい話には裏がある」（Every coin has two sides）.

English

Oh, we have an expression for that in my country, too! There’s something shady about any job that provides easy money.

English

Japan is very good at passing down its traditions from parent to child.

English

That is true. For people creating Japanese swords, they must have a sense of mission that they must pass down the traditional culture.

Explanation

「使命感（shimeekan）」（sense of duty）

「使命」 refers to a duty one is given, something that should be fulfilled with a sense of responsibility. The strong feeling that the responsibility must be fulfilled is called 「使命感」.

English

I feel that we have a duty to pass down our countries’ cultures to our children, too.

English

That’s a different story. We don’t have any special skills, and the kids aren’t that interested either...

Explanation

「それは別の話（sore wa betsu no hanashi）」（that’s a different story）

「別の話」is a way to say that the conditions are different, so the result should be different as well. It is used when the other person says something that does not apply to the current conversation. We can soften the expression by adding 「思う」at the end and saying 「それは別の話だと思う。」

English

I don’t know. I think culture is an important part of our children’s identity.

English

If you think so, then why don’t you give it a shot? I’ll root for you to do your best!

English

Hey! In the end you always leave it to others, it’s not fair!

Explanation

「人任せにするんだから（hito-makase ni suru n dakara）」（you (have a habit of) leaving it to others）

「人任せにする」 is when you have other people do something that you should do. We use this phrase to criticize someone who doesn’t do things on their own. Words like 「ずるい」「ひどい」 usually follow 「なんだから」, but when you want to criticize someone like in the dialogue, you add 「なんだから」 to the part you want to draw attention to. For example, if you want to criticize someone for always being late, we say 「いつも遅いんだから。(you are always late)」.

English

So, when do banknote designs change overseas?

English

I think it depends on the country. For example, when a king changes, or every decade, or...

Explanation

「それは●●●によって違うと思います（Sore wa ●●● ni yotte chigau to omoimasu.）

We use this expression to convey our thoughts when the answer to a question changes depending on conditions or on what you know. Instead of sharing our opinion, we can answer by giving examples, as in this dialogue.

English

I see. There are countries that choose to portray their leader on their bills.

English

In Japan, they use historical figures for the designs, right? For the 10,000 note, I believe it was Shibuya...

English

Shibusawa Eiichi.

Explanation

The names of historical figures do not require honorifics or titles. But generally for names other than your family members and close friends, add honorifics such as 「さん（san）」、「君（kun）」、「様（sama）、「氏（shi）」or professional titles such as 「社長（shachoo）」 and 「先生（sensee）」. Out of these, 「氏（shi）」 is used to show respect in formal situations and is placed after the last name or full name. It is not used when directly calling out to the person.

English

Yes, him! Do all Japanese know him?

English

I don’t know. They may know his name, but maybe not his face.

Explanation

「●●●といったところ（●●●to itta tokoro）」

This expression is used when using examples to better explain something to others. Here, in response to the question 「誰でも知っているのか」, it is used to convey the extent of people’s understanding by saying that the name is famous, but not so famous that people recognize his face. Also, by changing the expression to “number”+ 「といったところ」, it can be used to convey an approximate quantity.

English

This isn’t about work, but is now a good time to talk?

Explanation

「●●●ことなんですが、今、いいですか？（●●●koto nan desu ga, ima, ii desu ka？）」：When you want to consult with someone at work, instead of suddenly bringing up your concern, it is better if you state what you want to talk about and ask if the other person has time to listen. Here, Long is confirming with Sophia if she is willing to lend an ear even if the topic doesn’t concern work, that is,「仕事に関係ないこと」.

English

Of course! Please feel free.

Explanation

「遠慮しないでどうぞ。（Enryo-shinai de doozo.）」：This is a phrase you can use to urge the other person who may be hesitant to start talking. You can just say 「どうぞ」, but here Sophia felt like Long was being hesitant because he had said 「仕事に関係ないことなんですが」, so she added the phrase 「遠慮しないで」. 「どうぞ」 is used to urge the other person to talk, and you can also use it when serving tea or sweets to your guests. If you add the phrase 「遠慮しないで」before 「どうぞ」, it will allow the other person to feel comfortable about beginning to drink or eat.

English

Actually, my friend back home asked me about Specified Skilled Worker No. 2 status of residence, but I don’t know the answer.

English

Oh, you’re talking about the status of residence that was on the news...I know about my status but very little about other types. I’m sorry.

English

Oh, you too, Sophia? So it’s not just me.

Explanation

「みんな同じなんですね。（Min-na onaji nan desu ne.）」：This expression is used when you feel relieved after finding out that everybody else is in the same situation as you. Here, Long uses this expression to show his relief that he wasn’t the only one without knowledge of Japanese status of residence types and that Sophia, who has been in Japan longer than him, also doesn’t know.

English

Why don’t you advise your friend to ask someone at the embassy or a professional?

English

You’re right. I will do that.

English

I don’t know what to do.

Explanation

「まいったなあ（maitta naa）」 I don't know what to do.：The word 「参る（mairu）」 is a humble form word which has the meaning of 「行く（iku）」 and「来る」. But it also means 「降参する(koosan-suru)」, or “to surrender.” When we recognize our own defeat, we say 「参りました（mairimashita）」. But when we are talking to ourselves, we say 「参ったなあ=まいったなあ」. It is very similar to 「困ったなあ(komatta naa)」, but 「まいったなあ」can also be used when we are impressed or blown away by what someone else has done.

English

What’s wrong?

English

My child brought home a pond slider turtle but there’s a new law that says you can’t keep one.

English

Are you sure? My understanding is that it’s not a problem to keep one as a pet.

Explanation

「わたしの理解では（watashi no rikai dewa）」：Even if you hear the same information, people may interpret it in different ways or sometimes misunderstand it. In such cases, we can use the phrase 「わたしの理解では（watashi no rikai dewa）」 to express our own understanding. We can replace 「理解」 with 「認識（ninshiki）」 and say 「わたしの認識では」, which makes the expression more formal.

English

I see. But I’m worried if the children will take care of it till the end.

English

I understand your concern. At our house too, in the end I’m the one who’s taking care of our pet.

Explanation

「その心配はよくわかります（Sono shinpai wa yoku wakarimasu）」：This phrase is used to show that we empathize with the other person’s concern. It is used to express that we would worry about the same thing if we were in their shoes. We can replace 「心配」 with 「気持ち（kimochi）」 and say 「その気持ちはよくわかります（Sono kimochi wa yoku wakarimasu）」, or “I understand your feelings.”

English

I think I will also end up taking care of our pet, too.

English

（to the waiter） I’ll have the 「鴨肉のソテー」 and she will have the 「ビーフシチュー」.

English

Oh, by the way, speaking of ducks, do you know about the method of growing rice using ducks?

Explanation

「そうそう、●●●と言えば、（Soosoo, ●●● to ieba,）」：We use the phrase 「そうそう」 and 「そう言えば」 when we want to bring up a new topic. Here, Sophia’s friend is bringing up a new but related topic, so she uses the expression 「●●●と言えば、」 at the beginning of her sentence. It is a useful way to steer the conversation in the direction that you want.

English

Oh, you’re talking about the “Aigamo method,” where you don’t use any agricultural chemicals.

English

But it costs money to feed the ducks and so on. I wonder how cost-effective it is.

Explanation

「費用対効果（hiyoo-tai-kooka）」 in English is “cost-effectiveness,” “price-performance ratio,” or “cost-performance.” Some people say 「コスパ」, the shortened version of “cost-performance.” It refers to the balance between the time and cost spent and how much profit was made.

English

I would buy rice grown without agricultural chemicals even if it was expensive.

English

Really? I have a big family, so I have to buy a lot of rice.

Explanation

「そうぉ？（Soo o?）」 is used to express doubt about what the other person has said. The voice rises a little bit at the end of the 「お」. This expression is followed by an opposite opinion or by a phrase that is neither for nor against the other person’s opinion but allows the person to keep middle ground until they make up their mind.

English

I guess farmers become more creative with their methods because there are people with differing opinions, like us.

English

Thank you for giving me a heads up about the heavy rain yesterday.

English

I heard that a linear rainband warning was issued, so I thought I should email you just in case.

Explanation

「一応、●●●た方がいい（ichioo,●●●ta hoo ga ii）」：We use the phrase 「一応」 when expressing something that may not be necessary, but we feel like it should be done. The ta-form verb is used before 「方がいい」. Here, Sophia explains that she thought she should email Long to let him know that there would be concentrated downpours.

English

I went home right after you mailed me, so thank you so much.

English

I’m glad to hear that. Things were fine this time, but it’s better to be cautious.

Explanation

「●●●に越したことはない（●●●ni koshita koto wa nai）」：When we want to express that something should be done just in case, or that something should be done for safety reasons, we add the particle 「に」 after a verb and follow it with 「越したことはない」. We can also say 「用心に越したことはない」 by changing 「用心する」（verb） into 「用心」 （noun）. Adjectives can also be used in this expression, such as 「安いに越したことはない （the cheaper, the better）」 and 「静かに越したことはない （the quieter, the better）」.

English

But I feel anxious, because I don’t know what to do even if I hear about a linear rainband.

English

I’ve looked up places that are considered danger zones during heavy rain. Why don’t you do the same?

English

I see. For now, I think I will check to see if my house and places I go often are on high or low ground.

Explanation

「とりあえず（toriaezu）」 is used to express that something is a temporary measure. It is used before the minimum action that can be taken at the time. Since 「一応」 also has the meaning of not perfect but meeting the minimum requirements in addition to just in case, 「一応」 can be used interchangeably with 「とりあえず」. When there is a stronger sense of something being a temporary measure, use 「とりあえず」.

English

I heard that you are expecting! I’m so happy for you.

English

Yes, thank you. Look! I got this Maternal and Child Health Handbook from the city office.

Explanation

The onomatopoeic word 「ジャーン」 is used to express a sound that is made by hitting a large piece of metal such as a gong. Just as you ring a gong before an announcement, you use the word 「ジャーン」 when you have something to show.

English

Wow! I didn’t know they had maternal handbooks in foreign languages.

English

They do. But I don’t think all city offices have them.

English

I see. I guess multilingual services differ according to the local government.

English

I think so. I think communities with fewer international residents are the ones that need multilingual services the most.

Explanation

「●●●こそ、○○○が必要だと思う （●●●koso, ○○○ga hitsuyoo da to omou）」：We use 「こそ」 after a word that we want to especially emphasize. Here, Sophia’s friend is conveying her opinion that although multilingual services are necessary in general, she feels that in communities that do not have many international residents, people have fewer opportunities to have something translated into their native language. Therefore, she thinks that multilingual services should be all the more available in those places.

English

You have a point. Even if you wanted to verify something in the language that you’re the most comfortable with, there may not be many people who understand that language.

Explanation

「確かに言えてる（Tashika ni ieteru）」：We use the expression 「確かに言えてる」 when we think the other person has a point and we also think the same way. 「確かに」 is used widely to express our agreement with what the other person has said. We can also use 「言えてる」 by itself to express our agreement.

English

How much does it normally cost to take a taxi from our office to the station?

English

Let me see...it’s about 800 or 900 yen.

English

That’s what I thought, too. But last night’s taxi cost me 1080 yen.

Explanation

「そうですよね（soo desu yo ne）」： This expression is used to show that you strongly agree with what the other person has said.
When conveying information that the other person does not know, use the particle 「よ （yo）」. By adding this particle, you can show a stronger empathy compared to 「そうですね（soo desu ne）」.You may omit the 「そう（soo）」 in a casual conversation and just say 「ですよね（desu yo ne）」.

English

Oh, if it was late at night, it costs about that much.

English

What? Does the fare differ depending on the time? I didn’t know that.

Explanation

「●●●によって違う（ni yotte chigau）」 It depends on ●●●：Add 「による」 after a factor that makes a difference to indicate on what basis something changes. The factor should be in the noun form, as in 「乗る時間」. In the above conversation, you can also say 「何時に乗るかによって料金が違う（nan-ji ni noru ka ni yotte ryookin ga chigau）」. If the word before 「によって」is a verb, add the interrogative 「か」.

English

It’s called late-night pricing—the prices go up when trains and buses are not running.

English

I thought for sure the driver took the long way around. I feel relieved to know why it cost so much.

Explanation

「てっきり、●●●と思っていました（Tekkiri, ●●●to omotteimashita）」 I was certain that ●●●：By sandwiching what you expected between 「てっきり（tekkiri）」 and 「思っていた（omotteita）」, and in that order, you can express that the result of your expectation turned out completely different. 「思っていた」 means that it was something that you thought was correct until you understood the truth.
Here, Long is saying that his deduction, that the taxi fare was high because the driver took the long way around, was wrong.

English

On the news they said that Japanese railway companies are making train stations more accessible. I hope they do something for this station, too.

Explanation

This expression is often used when you are speaking about something you heard from another person. 「～だそうです」「～と言っていました」「けど」 mean the same as 「が」 and are contradictory conjunctive particles that contradict what you or another person said previously. You can follow up with what you want to confirm or have doubts about after the expression「って言っていました」. For example, 「料金が上がるって聞いたけど、いつから上がるの？」.

English

I don’t know.

Explanation

This is a response when you don’t agree with the other person’s opinion but don’t want to overtly disagree. The polite form is 「どうでしょうねぇ。」. You can also say 「どうかなあ。」as if you are talking to yourself.

English

If platform doors were installed, there would be less concern about children and elderly people falling from the platform. I think it would be a good thing.

English

Yes, but if fares were raised again, wouldn’t that make some people unhappy?

English

That’s true. But if raising fares means fewer accidents, then I think it’s something that has to be done.

English

There haven’t been any accidents at this station, so I think it’s fine as is.

English

I vote for raising fares to make the train station accessible.

Explanation

When you support a certain opinion, you can use the phrase「○○に一票入れます」instead of 「○○に賛成です」. 「票」refers to a ballot. As supporting an opinion is similar to the act of voting for the person you want to elect, we use the expression 「一票を入れる」to mean that we agree with a certain opinion.

English

I saw the news about the evacuation plan for volcano eruptions. （If that were to occur,） would you to escape to your relative’s house, too?

English

I’m thinking about evacuating to my brother’s place, but it takes five hours by car to get there so I’m not sure.

Explanation

You can also use the phrase「どうかわからないなあ。」in place of 「どうかなあ。」. This expression is used to explain the reason why something that you said may not actually happen. For example, if you want to say that your plans may not actually happen because 「台風が来る （a typhoon is coming）」, you could say something along the lines of 「明日は海に泳ぎに行く予定だけど、台風がきているからどうかなあ。」.

English

They said you aren’t supposed to evacuate by car. I’m thinking about getting away on my bike, but I don’t know where to go.

Explanation

We use the word 「ダメ」when we want to say that it’s 「してはいけないこと （something you shouldn’t do）」. It is often used when scolding a child. For example, 「してはいけません」becomes 「したらダメ」. However, do not use this phrase with your superiors and people you are not close to. In cases where two people know each other well, like Tanaka-san and Long, the word 「らしい」is added to express indirectly that it’s something that shouldn’t be done.

English

Long, don’t you have any friends you can rely on in Japan?

English

That’s the thing, I’m having difficulty thinking of someone. The people I see at the office everyday are the people I rely on the most.

English

Oh, Long, hearing that makes me happy. If a volcano erupts, you can come with me, so don’t worry.

English

That’s reassuring. Thank you so much. Thank you in advance for what you’re doing for me.

Explanation

It is reassuring to know that someone is there to help you when you are feeling insecure and unsafe. Use the expression 「心強いです」to express that their words and presence makes you feel safe. By telling the other person that you are reassured by their words and presence, you are also expressing gratitude toward them.

English

There’s a new app that allows you to easily open a bank account. Did you know?

Explanation

An’s husband finds out about the app through the news and tells An about it. Because it is a conversation between a couple, they are using casual Japanese. You use the expression “知ってた？” to someone you are close to when talking about a piece of information the other may not know about. Be careful not to use it with someone whom that information does not concern. It may offend them, as it is like saying that they should know something.

English

Wow, I can’t believe you can open a bank account through an app and not have to go to a bank. That’s amazing.

English

Why don’t you make another bank account for your part time job?

English

But...I’m concerned about the security of my personal information if I make a bank account though an app. I’m a bit worried.

Explanation

Use the word 「何だか」when you don’t know what exactly it is that makes you feel a certain way about something. You can also say 「何となく」. 「何だか」is also used to express an intuitive feeling. It is used with words that express feelings such as 「何だかうれしい」 and 「何だかあやしい」.

English

I think it’s safe if the app is from a company that you can trust.

English

And if your password gets stolen, your money could get stolen too...

English

If it were me, I would change my password every month. Why don’t you think it over?

Explanation

This is a phrase used to express your opinion without denying the other person’s words. An was worried about her password being stolen, so An’s husband tells her a solution to that issue by using the hypothetical form,「もし、ぼくだったら」.

English

Cool helmet, Long.

English

Thank you. Wearing one is not a must but I figured it would be safer to do so. How about you, Sophia?

Explanation

There are different words to express “wear.” For clothes, use the word “着る.” For pieces of clothing that you wear from the waist down, such as socks, pants and skirts, use the word “はく.” As for things you wear on top of your head, such as a helmet, use the word “かぶる.” However, the words “つける” and “する” are also used when expressing things you put on, such as helmets, glasses and masks.

English

I’m still undecided. It’s a hassle to wear a helmet every time I ride a bicycle. And especially when I go shopping for groceries—the helmet is just another thing I have to carry...

English

I see. But I ‘ve seen people shopping with their helmets on their head like a hat.

Explanation

“確かに” is a response used to express one’s agreement with what the other person said. Even when you have a different opinion, you can first say “確かに” to express “I understand your opinion,” then use the word “でも” and say how your opinion differs from the other person.

English

True...but it still doesn’t quite make me want to wear a helmet.

Explanation

The expression “今ひとつ” is used to describe a situation where you feel something isn’t quite complete. It’s used when you don’t know what is missing to make that something complete.

English

I hear that there are ones with stylish designs, too.

English

In that case, I may think about it.

English

I think it’s great that you aren’t afraid to try new things, Long. Are you thinking about doing something different （changing professions） in the future?

English

Huh? Have I told you why I started studying Japanese?

English

Umm, no, I don’t think so.

English

At first, I wanted to study Japanese so I could work at a Japanese company as an interpreter.

Explanation

By using 「～って（と）思っていた」 you can express feelings that you had before （「これまで思っていた」）. At the same time, you’re expressing that 「今はそう思っていない（今は違う）」, which means you don’t feel that way anymore. In short, by using this expression, you are saying that your feelings or thoughts have changed. From this dialogue, we can deduce that Long used to want to work as an interpreter, but now has a different dream.

English

I’m not an interpreter, but my dream to work at a Japanese company came true and I’m working here now...but since I started working here, I’ve received so much support from the people around me. And it made me think that I want to do something that will help more people.

Explanation

By using 「～って（と）思うようになった」, you can express that your feelings have changed over time. It also expresses that you didn’t think this way before （「以前はそう思っていなかった」）. You can combine 「～ようになった」with other verbs to show what changed, for example, 「食べられるようになった」and 「わかるようになった」.

English

Wow. Like what?

English

Umm...actually, I’m not sure about the specifics yet, but I want to do something that will connect people, and something that will allow more people to communicate and understand each other.

English

Wow, that’s why you are always tackling new challenges.

English

Well, I don’t know if any of it will bear fruit.

English

Good luck. I’m cheering for you.

English

Excuse me, Tanaka-san. Do you have a minute?

English

Of course, what is it?

English

Umm, how do you read this kanji? It’s the name of the guest at the event.

Explanation

This is how to ask someone when you don’t know how to read kanji characters. Kanji used in names often have a special reading, and sometimes even those who are fluent in Japanese have trouble reading them.

English

Huh? Oh, this is read 「Yomodaよもだ（四方田）」.

English

I see. The individual kanji are simple, but I didn’t know how to read them together.

English

You are going to be the MC, right? It sounds like it’s a lot of work to prepare. If there’s anything I can help you with, let me know.

English

Thank you. Actually, I have to explain the guest’s background, but I don’t have much time. So I was told to keep it simple, but not to exclude any important information. But when I try to make the explanation short, my Japanese becomes weird. So Tanaka-san, I know you are busy and I’m sorry to ask you this, but would you mind checking my Japanese script?

Explanation

This is a very polite way to ask someone for something. By saying 「お忙しいところ本当に申し訳ないんですが」 you are showing that you are aware of the other person’s situation. And by asking 「お願いできないでしょうか」, you are asking if there is a possibility they can help you. This is a way to put less pressure on the other person, compared to a phrase like 「お願いします」.

English

Of course, no problem. When do you need me to check it by?

English

I need to submit it by next week, so if possible, could I ask you to look over it by the end of this week?

English

By the end of this week, OK.

English

Long, you’re late.

English

I’m sorry for being 30 minutes late. I left home at the last minute in a hurry and got on the train that goes in the opposite direction.

Explanation

When you are late to an agreed time, it’s important to state the reason you were late. By using the expression 「～てしまいました」, you can convey a feeling of regret or disappointment. The verb needs to be in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）.

English

I see. We were worried because we didn’t hear from you, Long.

English

I’m very sorry to cause you worry.

Explanation

「申し訳ありません」 is a polite form of 「すみません」. By using the expression 「～て、申し訳ありません」, you can express what you are apologizing for. Here Long is politely apologizing for causing the two to worry.

English

In my haste, I completely forgot to contact you. Actually, after that, I got on a rapid train, and it passed through the station I wanted to get off at. After changing trains so many times, （before I knew it） 30 minutes had passed…

English

Well, in that case, I guess it couldn’t be helped. But if you had left home earlier, you wouldn’t have had to be in such a panic.

English

It’s OK, at least he got here safely.

English

I’m sorry...I will try to leave home with time to spare from now on.

English

（sneezes）

English

Oh, Kazue, do you have hay fever?

English

That’s right. I sneeze a lot and I have a runny nose, it’s tough. This year it’s really bad.

English

It’s rough. I also have hay fever, so my eyes are itchy.

English

I didn’t know you had hay fever too. How do you deal with it?

English

I bought some medicine at a nearby pharmacy. I’m trying it out right now. How about you, Kazue?

Explanation

You can emphasize something that you are doing right at this moment by using the expression 「Vている＋ところです」. A TE-form verb （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE） is used.

English

I hope that medicine works for you. Well, I am trying many things, but recently I’m trying to keep a good balance in my intestinal environment.

English

Umm…so for example, what do you mean?

Explanation

When you don’t understand what the other person said, it’s useful to ask back（ refer to＃11、＃23） but sometimes it’s easier to understand if they give you an specific example. Here, An didn’t understand what Kazue said about 「腸内環境を整える」, so she asks 「例えば、どんなことでしょう？」and asks for Kazue to explain in detail.

English

Like eating more yogurt, natto and miso than usual. By doing that, it seems that you can boost your immunity and prevent hay fever. I only started recently, so I don’t know if it’s effective or not.

English

I see. There are many methods.

English

Buchoo...thank you so much for all that you have done for me. Since I started working here you’ve really looked after me...I have nothing but appreciation for your guidance.

Explanation

「いただく」is a humble form of 「もらう」. Here, Long is politely conveying his appreciation for everything buchoo’s done for him by using the expression 「Vていただき、本当に感謝しています」. The verb before 「いただく」 is in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）.

English

No, thank you for everything, Long.

English

At first, I couldn’t speak Japanese or do my job at all, so I know I must have caused you so much trouble.... And yet, you kindly continued to support me... I was really touched when you apologized with me when I was scolded by a potential customer.

Explanation

「くださる」is an honorific form of 「くれる」. By using the expression 「Vてくださったこと、本当に嬉しかったです」, Long is politely expressing how touched he was that his superior apologized with him. The verb before 「くださる」 is in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）.

English

Oh, I remember that... You’ve come so far.

English

Buchoo, please take care of yourself at your new company. I wish you continued success.

English

Thank you. I wish you the best too, Long.

English

Sophia, what did you want to talk to me about?

English

Thank you for making time for me. It’s about my children…

Explanation

This is a useful phrase to start a conversation about something you are worried about. By starting the conversation with 「～のことでちょっと…」instead of jumping right in, the person you are talking to can get a better idea of what you want to discuss.

English

You know how we don’t have to wear facemasks anymore? Well, my children decided to take theirs off. But other children are still wearing them, and I was wondering what their mothers think about it.... How about your children, Tanaka-san, what do they do?

English

My children are already in middle school and high school, so I have them think for themselves...but they still keep theirs on. They’ve been wearing a mask for a long time now, so...

English

But my children don’t like facemasks, and I feel like it’s not good for their education to keep living with facemasks on.... Should they go along with everyone else?

Explanation

When you’re asking someone for their advice, you can use phrases like 「どうすればいいでしょうか」, but Sophia asks a more specific question by saying, 「このままみんなに合わせたほうがいいでしょうか」. In cases like this where you have a specific thought, using 「～たほうがいいでしょうか」 makes it easier for the other person to respond. The verb before 「ほうがいい」 should be in the TA-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TA）.

English

Hmm...how about taking a leap of faith and talking to the other mothers about how you feel?

English

I’m a little afraid （to bring it up）, but that sounds like the best approach. Thank you for taking the time to talk with me.

English

（To the） Customer waiting for wrapping （please come to the counter）!

English

Oh, yes. That’s me!

English

Please confirm. 5 white chocolate sets, 5 milk chocolate sets, 5 bitter chocolate sets and 5 brandy chocolate sets. A total of 20 items, correct?

English

Huh? I think I requested to change to 3 brandy chocolate sets and 7 milk chocolate sets...

Explanation

Sophia realized that what she ordered and what the shop staff had prepared was different, so she is asking for confirmation. When asking for confirmation, you can ask directly by saying 「7つに変更したので、確認お願いします」or you can ask indirectly by saying「7つに変更したはずです（see＃36） 」「7つに変更したと思います」. Here, Sophia isn’t confident that she’d communicated the changes correctly, so she uses 「～ような気がします」, a more roundabout phrase than 「思う」.
The word before「ような」is in the plain form. 「～な」 is used for the NA-adjective, and 「～の」is used for nouns.

English

I’m very sorry. I will go confirm once more—just a moment please.

English

Yes, it would be nice if you could. Oh, and could you mark the packages for the brandy chocolate sets so I can tell which ones they are? Thank you so much.

Explanation

The phrase 「お手数をおかけします」is used as an apology for any trouble or extra work you caused or to show appreciation for something that is done for you. Sophia is showing her gratitude to the shop staff for double-checking and for marking specific items when the shop is busy. Usage of such expressions will lead to smoother communications.

English

Of course.

English

（returns）
I am terribly sorry. Your order was 3 brandy chocolate sets and 7 milk chocolate sets. Is that correct? And I have marked these here.

English

Yes! Oh, I am so relieved to hear that. Thank you very much.

English

Excuse me. I’d like to send something to Nagano Prefecture...

English

Of course. What will you be sending?

English

A scarf. I would like to keep shipping costs as low as possible. Can you tell me what my options are?

Explanation

An conveys what she’s looking for in terms of delivery and asks what she can do to make that a reality. 「できるだけ」means “as...as possible.” It is often used before adjectives in such ways like 「できるだけ早く帰る（go home as quickly as possible）」and「できるだけ安全な方法で行う（do it in as safe a way as possible）」.

English

Then…I think you can choose from these two. You send it in a specific envelope like this. The shipping cost is the same throughout Japan.

English

I see…Umm, this blue envelope is 370 yen, and this red envelope is 520 yen. What is the difference?

Explanation

An compares the two envelopes and confirms that the cost is different. This sentence uses two 「は」but the one in 「青い封筒は」is used to indicate the subject and the「は」 in 「赤い封筒は」is used to make a comparison. When comparing two things, 「は」is used like 「Aは～、Bは～」.

English

For the 370 yen one, the package must be less than 3 centimeters thick. And it will be delivered to the （recipient's） postbox. There is no limitation on the thickness for the 570 yen one, and it will be delivered face-to-face, and a signature will be required.

English

So the 370 yen one will be delivered to the postbox and the 570 yen one will be delivered face-to-face.

English

That’s right.

English

Then I'd like to use the 520 yen one.

English

In case of an earthquake, please evacuate to evacuation sites designated by the local government.

English

Umm...“nige”...?

English

（Points to the park） If an earthquake happens, go there. That park over there.

Explanation

The key point of today’s dialogue is how to clarify important information that someone has talked about. Here, Long points to the park to explain that it is the evacuation site. Depending on the other person’s Japanese language skills, it will be helpful to supplement the information using hand gestures, showing pictures, or by drawing diagrams and pictures. Marking or underlining important points is also useful when using maps and other materials.

English

Oh.

English

Japan has always had earthquakes, but recently, you know, due to global warming and things, when it rains, rivers tend to flood, right? So, you have to be prepared for disasters by familiarizing yourself with the evacuation sites.

English

Umm…could you please repeat what you said...?

English

There are many earthquakes in Japan. And when it rains a lot （gestures with hands） rivers flood. It’s dangerous, so please remember where the evacuation sites, that is, shelters, are.

Explanation

Long explains what the landlord talked about in a way that is easier to understand. Here, he replaces difficult words with easier ones, talks in shorter sentences, and uses gestures so that the other person will be able to understand.

English

Oh, I see, evacuation sites.

English

Oh? Did you get a suntan, Long?

English

Oh, can you tell? So, I went skiing during New Year’s, and ever since I’ve been totally hooked ! I went again last weekend.

Explanation

This sentence explains that Long is hooked on skiing. 「すっかり」is an adverb that expresses that something is “completely” or “totally” in a certain state. By using 「すっかり」, Long is saying he is not only hooked, but infatuated with it.

English

That’s nice. We used to go when our kids were small. But aren’t the ski slopes are far away?

English

Actually, what I do is nature skiing. It’s a type of skiing that can be done in mountains and natural parks near towns as long as there is snow.

Explanation

Long explains that 「歩くスキー」 is 「まちの近くの山や自然公園でできるスタイルのスキー」. He uses the expression 「N1というN2」 and it is used when N1 is something that is not well known. N2 that comes after 「という」explains what N1 is. Here, Long is using the colloquial term 「っていう」 in place of 「という」.

English

You use narrow skiis connected to the toes （of your ski boot）, and you move forward using ski poles. You’re walking in the mountains, so you can hear the birds chirping, find animal footprints, and just enjoy nature in general.

English

Wow, that sounds invigorating!

English

Hello, I’m calling to confirm delivery of a washing machine...

English

Oh, yes, my washing machine. I look forward to having it delivered.

English

About the delivery time—you asked for tomorrow between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. Is that correct?

English

I’m sorry, I think the signal is weak—my audio is choppy, and I couldn’t hear you well...what time in the morning did you say?

Explanation

When you can’t hear the other person’s voice clearly over the phone, it’s important to clearly convey which part of the conversation you did not understand. Here, Sophia is asking about the 「何時」part of the conversation. Also, by saying「電波がよくないのか」, you are saying that the reason why you didn’t understand was not the other person’s fault but due to a weak signal. In this way you can avoid offending the other person.

English

Between 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.

English

Between 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Yes, that’s OK.

English

And I’d like to confirm if there is an elevator or not...

English

Uh, an elevator? Yes, there is one.

English

OK, so there is an elevator. Then I will see you between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. tomorrow. Uh, is there anything that is unclear?

English

Hmm, is there anything I need to do on my side?

Explanation

「～ておく」means 「何かをするために、前もって行動する（to do something in preparation of something」. The verb needs to be in the TE-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with TE）. Here, Sophia is confirming if there is anything she needs to prepare before the new washing machine is delivered tomorrow.

English

Oh, yes. It would be helpful if you could drain the water.

English

Drain the water...oh, I remember being asked to drain the water from my old washing machine and to clean it. All right, see you tomorrow.

English

Long, I heard you went to a bonsai class. How was it?

English

Yes, my friend invited me, so I went to a trial class last week. I wasn’t keen to go because my image of bonsai was that it’s difficult. But after actually doing it, it was easier than I thought, and I had lots of fun.

Explanation

By using the expression「思ったより～」, you can convey that your impression of something was different from what you had anticipated. Here, Long says about bonsai that he was 「乗り気じゃなかった」, which means 「あまりそうしたくなかった（didn’t really want to do something）」. So, Long is saying that his impression of bonsai before experiencing it was that it was difficult, but it turned out to be easier than he had thought.

English

I see. What do you do in a trial class?

English

Well, the class was for two hours, and the teacher first explained the history of bonsai. Then we made our own small bonsai with the teacher’s help.

English

Wow, it’s nice that you get to make your own. But watering a bonsai tree seems difficult.

English

Oh, they taught us how to water it, too. Watering the bosai is really calming. It was a really good experience for me. Why don’t you go to a trial class, too, Sophia? I think it’s worth going.

Explanation

Long is recommending that Sophia go to a trial class too because he thought the bosai experice was really nice. By using the phrase 「V＋価値がある」, you can express that it’s something worth doing. The verb is in the dictionary form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with KOTOGADEKIRU）. Some often-used phrases are 「行く価値がある （worth going）」 and 「お金を払う価値がある（worth paying）」.

English

That’s nice. Maybe I'll go.

English

Oh, Suzuki-san, hello. Are you going out?

English

Hello, Long. Yes, I was going to go pay my electricity bill. It was pretty high this month...

English

I just checked my bill on my smartphone yesterday. I thought it wouldn’t be too high, as I live alone, but... I was shocked to see the price. I’m not home much and I don’t think I’m wasting electricity...

Explanation

Long is reflecting on how he uses electricity as he talks to Suzuki-san. The phrase 「～はずだ」is used to speculate, but especially when one is confident about the speculation. Here Long states that 「家にもあまりいないし」and that he doesn’t use much electricity in his day-to-day life, so instead of using the phrase「使っていないと思う」, which is a weak speculation, he says「使っていないはず」. A plain form verb is used in 「～はずだ」, but when you want to use a NA-adjective or a noun, it takes on the form「NA-adjective＋な」or「noun＋の」.

English

I know what you mean...

English

Electricity is essential to life, so it’s really tough when the burden on the consumer increases.

Explanation

Use the expression 「欠かせない」 when you want to imply that something is essential and that it will cause a problem if it isn’t there. When you want to say when or what it’s necessary, like in the phrase used here（「生活に欠かせない」）, you can say 「N（noun）に欠かせない」. Some examples are; 「しょうゆは日本料理に欠かせない （Soy sauce is essential to Japanese cuisine）」 「音楽はわたしの人生に欠かせないものです（Music is a must-have in my life）」.

English

I think it’s important that we rethink how companies and cities use electricity, not just households.

English

Energy issues are now a problem that people around the world must tackle...

English

I think so, too.

English

So, when the accident occurred, you were standing right here.

English

Yes, a car was parked right here, and the bicycle was trying to avoid hitting the car.

Explanation

Here, Sophia is describing the accident. When you want to express that someone was just about to do something, you use the expression 「Vようとする」. The verb is in the volition form （the plain form of 「Vましょう」）.

English

But at the same time there was a car coming up from behind... and that’s why there was a collision.

English

Huh? Which car was the bicycle hit by?

English

Oh, the car that came from behind.

English

When the bicycle was trying to avoid the parked car, did the cyclist look back to check to see if it was safe?

English

Umm... I’m not quite sure but... I don’t think the cyclist checked…

Explanation

The expression 「～じゃないか」 is used to show that the information is not certain. 「確認していなかったんじゃないか」 is the casual form of 「確認していなかったのではないか」. By adding 「んじゃ（のでは）」 to 「確認していなかった」, the phrase becomes closer to 「かもしれない」 in meaning and softens your assertation.

English

At least from here, it didn’t seem like the cyclist checked...

English

I understand. Thank you.

English

What should our raffle prizes be for this year? If possible, I want to do something different from last year.

English

Last year, I believe we had snacks, didn’t we?

Explanation

In order for a discussion to proceed smoothly, it is important to check the facts. Here, An is making sure that last year’s prize was indeed snacks. By using the phrase 「たしか～でしたね」, you can confirm if your ambiguous memory is correct. 「ね」 is used at the end of the sentence to ask for agreement or to confirm information.

English

That’s right, we had snacks. Our budget is about the same as last year and I want something that will make both adults and children happy. Do you have any ideas?

English

In that case, how about capsule toys?

Explanation

The 「それ」 of 「それだったら」 points to something that will please both the adults and children. Here, An suggests a capsule toy as something that will make both adults and children happy. By using the expression 「それだったら、～は、いかがですか」, you can respond to someone else’s opinion with a suggestion.

English

The capsules often contain cute toys inside like animals and character-themed merchandise.

English

I see, you are talking about the vending machine where you twist the handle and a toy in a ball comes out. I heard they are popular not only with children but with adults as well.

English

Now that you mention it, my daughter said she collects the toys. If we are going to use them for the festival, I wonder how much each capsule toy costs?

English

All right, I will check the price. Umm, so can I confirm（what we've discussed）? Our budget is similar to last year’s. And capsule toys are our pick for prizes.

English

That’s right, An. Thank you for looking into to it.

English

OK, next up is Long. （The floor is yours.）

English

Everyone, Happy New Year! Thanks to you all, last year I was able to experience many different things at work and it was a year full of learning.

Explanation

Long is thanking his work colleagues. 「N（noun）のおかげで」 is used to express appreciation— you’re saying that thanks to the help of N（noun）, you were able to get good results.

English

In particular I was happy that with all the advice that I got from many people I was able to go out on rounds on my own.

English

This year, I hope to be more proactive and think and act on my own.

Explanation

Here, Long uses the expression 「Vばと思っています」 to say what he wants to achieve this year. The V（verb） in 「Vばと思っています」 is where you say your goals or aspirations to express what you hope to achieve. A potential verb or potential form is used in the BA-form （conjugation form of verbs that ends with BA）. This expression can used in a semi formal situation.

English

There may be times when I cause you some inconveniences, but I will do my very best. I look forward to working with everyone for another year.

English

This is to inform you that this train will be suspended at this station due to strong winds. We will announce the resumption of service as soon as we receive new information. We sincerely apologize for any inconveniences this causes for the passengers on board.

English

Umm, excuse me. I couldn’t catch what the announcement was saying…something about the train service.

Explanation

Here, An uses the phrase 「なんとか」as a placeholder for what she couldn’t understand. In this way, you can tell someone which part you you did not understand, thus making it easier for them to explain it to you.

English

Oh, they said they will suspend this train. Due to strong winds…umm, because the winds are too strong.

English

Does suspend mean it won’t move for a while?

Explanation

You can use 「～って、～ってことですか」 to confirm the meaning of a word. For example, if you want to confirm what 「見合わせる」 means, you can ask by saying 「見合わせるって、しばらく動かないってことですか」. 「って」 is often used in conversations and is replaceable with 「は」 や 「とは」.

English

Yes. They don’t know when the train will move again.

English

I see. Thank you.

English

OK, everyone. Now put flour, water, and eggs into the bowl and mix it well. After mixing it for a while, please add a little bit of salt.

Explanation

Long is giving directions on how to make okonomiyaki. Use the phrase 「～ましょう」 to invite someone to do something together. You can also use this phrase when you want to give directions, similar to 「～てください」.

English

Umm, Long. How much is a little bit of salt?

English

Well, pinch a bit of salt with your fingertips.（An pinches salt with fingers）

English

Yes! That’s the right amount.

English

Thank you.

English

Now, everyone, when it is mixed well, add the cabbage and mix it a little more.

Explanation

Here, Long is giving directions similar to 「塩も少々入れましょう」. The intransitive verb 「混ざる」 and the transitive verb 「混ぜる」 are both used in the same sentence. 「よく（材料が ingredients）混ざったら」 is intransitive and it suggests the outcome of what the ingredients should look like after the action is done. On the other hand, 「さらに混ぜましょう」 is a transitive and it suggests what someone should do with the ingredients in the bowl.

English

Understood.

English

Yesterday, I saw a news story about care robots. They were singing and talking to elderly people—it was really amazing.

Explanation

Sophia starts the conversation by saying she saw a news story yesterday and then shares her thoughts about it. When starting a conversation, you can use the expression 「S（sentence）のを見たんですけど、～」. In cases where you use a noun, the expression is 「ニュースを見た」. But in cases like in the dialogue, 「ニュースで介護ロボットについてやっていた」, where it is expressed as a passive, you say 「のを見た」. A plain form verb is used before 「のを見た」.